She Chinese

She Chinese
She Chinese
Shehua
Shanha
Native to	Fujian, Zhejiang
Ethnicity	She
Native speakers	400,000 (2002)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Hakka She Chinese; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Hakka ; ;
Writing system	Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Linguasphere	79-AAA-gbf

She Chinese or Shehua (畲话, Shēhuà, meaning 'She speech') is an unclassified Sinitic ethnolect and spoken by the She people of Southeastern China. It is also called Shanha, San-hak (山哈)^[3] or Shanhahua (山哈话). She speakers are located mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces of Southeastern China, with smaller numbers of speakers in a few locations of Jiangxi (in Guixi and Yanshan County), Guangdong (in Chaozhou and Fengshun County) and Anhui (in Ningguo) provinces.^[1]

Shēhuà (畲话) is not to be confused with Shēyǔ (畲语, also known as Ho Ne), which is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in East-Central Guangdong. She and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people. The Dongjia of Majiang County, Guizhou are also officially classified as She people, but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related to Chong'anjiang Miao (重安江苗语).

History

During the Tang dynasty, She speakers lived in the Jiangxi-Guangdong-Fujian border region. Afterwards, they moved to their present locations further to the northeast.^[1]

Classification

Some linguists consider She to be a variety of Hakka Chinese, while others consider it to be an unclassified variety of Chinese that has received some influence from Hakka and is part of Hakka.^[1] Hiroki Nakanishi (2010) considers She to be a Hakka dialect that may have a Sheyu (Hmongic) substratum.^[4] However, Zhao (2004) considers She to be an independent branch of Chinese, and that it should not be classified within Hakka.^[5]

Depending on their locations, She dialects have been variously influenced by Hakka, Gan, Wu, and Min.

Dialects

You (2002:31-35)^[1] divides She into 9 dialectal areas (fangyan qu 方言区), and with respective locations and speaker demographics from You (2002) listed as well. The Eastern Fujian and Southern Zhejiang dialectal areas each have over 100,000 speakers, while the smallest dialectal areas are in Guangdong and Jiangxi, with each having only a few thousand speakers. Altogether, there are more than 400,000 She speakers in China.^[1]

Mindong (闽东区, Eastern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Fu'an 福安, Fuding 福鼎, Xiapu 霞浦, Ningde 宁德, Shouning 寿宁, Zhouning 周宁, Zherong 柘荣, Pingnan 屏南, Luoyuan 罗源, Lianjiang 连江, Fuzhou 福州郊区, Minhou 闽侯, Minqing 闽清, and Yongqin 永泰. 184,000 speakers. In contact with Eastern Min.
Minbei (闽北区, Northern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Nanping 南平, Jian'ou 建瓯, Jianyang 建阳, Shaowu 邵武, Shunchang 顺昌, and Guangze 光泽. 21,000 speakers. In contact with Northern Min.
Minzhong (闽中区, Central Fujian), spoken in the counties of Sanming 三明, Yong'an 永安, Shaxian 沙县, and Ninghua 宁化. Also spoken in Shuangguishan 双贵山, Youxi County, Fujian.^[3] 12,000 speakers. In contact with Central Min.
Minnan (闽南区, Southern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Licheng District 鲤城区 (in Quanzhou), Anxi 安溪, Dehua 德化, Yongchun 永春, Hua'an 华安, Longyan 龙岩, and Zhangping 漳平. 12,000 speakers. In contact with Southern Min. In Zhangping City, Shanyangge She 山羊隔畲话^[6] is spoken by over 800 people in the two villages of Shanyangge 山羊隔, Guilin Township 桂林乡, and Jianci 尖祠, Xi'nan Township 溪南乡.^[7] Shanyangge She is distinct from Shejiake 畲家客, which is a Southern Min dialect spoken by over 100 people in Zhangping County in the two villages of Changta Village 长塔村, Xianghu Township 象湖乡 and Wei Village 尾村, Shuangyang Township 双洋乡.^[7]
Zhenan (浙南区, Southern Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Pingyang 平阳, Cangnan 苍南, Rui'an 瑞安, Wencheng 文成, Taishun 泰顺, Lishui 丽水, Jingning 景宁, Yunhe 云和, Longquan 龙泉, Songyang 松阳, Qingtian 青田, and Wuyi 武义. 120,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Zhezhong (浙中区, Central Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Longyou 龙游, Quxian 衢县, Lanxi 兰溪, Jinhua 金华, and Suichang 遂昌. 23,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Zhebei (浙北区, Northern Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Tonglu 桐庐, Jiande 建德, Lin'an 临安, Fuyang 富阳, and Anji 安吉. 13,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Yuedong (粤东区, Eastern Guangdong), spoken in the counties of Chaozhou 潮州 and Fengshun 丰顺. 2,200 speakers. In contact with the Teochew dialect of Southern Min. In Fengshun County, it is spoken in Fengping Village 凤坪村, Tanjiang Town 潭江镇.^[8] You, Lei & Lan (2005) document the She variety of Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 ("Phoenix Mountain") in eastern Guangdong.^[9]
Gandong (赣东区, Eastern Jiangxi), spoken in the counties of Guixi 贵溪 and Yanshan 铅山. 4,000 speakers. In contact with Gan Chinese. The She variety of Taiyuan 太源畲族乡, Yanshan County, Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Hu & Hu (2013),^[10] while the She variety of Zhangping Township 樟坪畲族乡, Guixi City, Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Liu (2008).^[11]

In Anhui Province, there is also a She dialect spoken by about 2,400 people in Yunti She Ethnic Township (云梯畲族乡), Ningguo City that has been influenced by Lower Yangtze Mandarin.^[12]^[13]

You (2002)^[1] provides a comparative vocabulary list for the following 13 datapoints. The Zhebei dialectal area 浙北方言区 has not been included by You (2002).

Fu'an 福安, Ningde, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区)
Fuding 福鼎, Ningde, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区; includes Xiamen She Ethnic Township 硖门畲族乡)
Luoyuan 罗源, Fuzhou, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区)
Sanming 三明, Fujian (Minzhong dialectal area 闽中方言区)
Shunchang 顺昌, Nanping 南平, Fujian (Minbei dialectal area 闽北方言区)
Hua'an 华安, Zhangzhou 华安, southern Fujian (Minnan dialectal area 闽北方言区)
Guixi 贵溪, Yingtan 鹰潭, Jiangxi (Gandong dialectal area 赣东方言区)
Cangnan 苍南, Wenzhou 温州, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
Jingning 景宁, Lishui 丽水, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
Lishui 丽水, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
Longyou 龙游, Quzhou 衢州, Zhejiang (Zhezhong dialectal area 浙中方言区; includes Muchen She Ethnic Township 沐尘畲族乡)
Chaozhou 潮州, Guangdong (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区)
Fengshun 丰顺, Meizhou 梅州, Guangdong (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区)

Distribution

The following maps show ethnic She townships and other administrative divisions (highlighted in magenta) in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces. The She people of these three provinces speak She, while the She of central Guangdong and Guizhou speak Hmongic languages.

The most She speakers are located in Ningde Prefecture, Fujian, and Wenzhou and Lishui Prefectures, Zhejiang. Smaller communities of She speakers are located in central Zhejiang, southern Fujian, the mountainous interior of western Fujian, southeastern Anhui, eastern Guangdong, and northeastern Jiangxi near its border with Fujian.^[1] It is not known whether She is spoken by She people living in central and southern Jiangxi.

She ethnic county, townships and towns in Zhejiang
She ethnic townships in Fujian
She ethnic townships in Jiangxi

Phonology

She is a very dialectally uniform language. Like many southern Chinese languages, it has syllables with stop codas, traditionally considered as part of a separate tone class. Much like its sister branch Hakka Chinese, it has the same three nasal codas as well as three stop codas. However, the /k/ coda has evolved into a glottal stop.

Consonants

In addition to the consonants listed below, She also has a null initial, often realized as a glottal stop.

		Labial	Dental	Alveopalatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	tenuis	p	t		k	ʔ^[a]
Plosive	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Affricate	tenuis		ts	(tʃ)^[b]
Affricate	aspirated		tsʰ	(tʃʰ)^[b]
Fricative	median		s	(ʃ)^[b]		h
Fricative	lateral		(ɬ)^[b]
Approximant			l

^ This consonant only appears phonemically in syllable coda position.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Consonants in parentheses are present in only some dialects.

Some dialects of She in eastern Fujian (including the Fú'ān and Fúdǐng varieties) have the initial voiceless lateral fricative ɬ- where other She dialects have an initial s-.

Only a limited number of consonants can act as a coda, including the nasals and the plain labial, dental, and glottal stops.

Vowels


	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	Central	Back
Close	i	y^[a]		u
Close-mid	e	(ø)^[b]		o
Open-mid	(ɛ)^[b]			ɔ
Open			a

^ This vowel is present in most dialects.
^ ^a ^b Vowels in parentheses are present in only some dialects.

The syllabic coronal consonant /z̩/, frequently known in Chinese linguistics as the apical vowel, is also found in some dialects of She.

Tones

She has 4 phonemic contour tones, which can be organized into the following 6 tone categories (You 2002:80-83); the Dark Going tone has merged into the Dark Level tone in the development of She. Almost all She dialects have identical tone values in each tone category, which are provided below.

		Tone category
		Level 平	Rising 上	Going 去	Entering 入
Tone register	Dark 陰	1. 陰平 [˦] (44)^[a] Dark Level	3. 上聲 [˧˥] (35)^[b] Rising tone		7. 陰入 [˥] (5) Dark Entering
Tone register	Light 陽	2. 陽平 [˨] (22) Light Level		6. 陽去 [˨˩]/[˦˨] (21 or 42) Light Going	8. 陽入 [˨] (2) Light Entering

^ Two dialects have different tone values: Yóu records the Huá'ān dialect as having [˧] (33)^[14] and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of [˦˧] (43).^[15]
^ Several dialects also have tone values of [˨˩˧] (213), and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of [˧˨˥] (325).^[15]

The Tàiyuán dialect may have more divergent tone values. Hú recorded the dialect as having [˨˩˨] (212) for its Light Level tone, [˨˥] (25) on its Rising tone, and [˦] (4) for its Dark Entering tone.^[16]

Lexicon

Unique vocabulary

You (2002:183-216)^[1] notes that She has many unique vocabulary items that have no cognates in Hakka, Gan, Wu, or any other Chinese language. Instead, many words have parallels in Hmong-Mien languages (You 2002:490-504), and in Tai and Kam-Sui languages (You 2002:458-489). Other words appear to have no parallels in any other language family or branch (You 2002:505-518).

Swadesh list

Below is a vocabulary table comparing Swadesh lists of She (Fengshun), Hakka (Boluo), and She (Boluo), from Gan (2011:188-191).^[17]

Chinese gloss	English gloss	She (Fengshun)	Hakka (Boluo)	She (Boluo)
我	I	ŋai¹	ŋai²	vaŋ⁴
你	you	ŋi¹	ŋi²	muŋ²
我们	we	ŋai¹nai⁶ŋin²	ŋai²ne⁶	pa¹
这	this	kai⁶	lia⁶	lja³
那	that	hɔŋ⁶	kai⁶	u³
谁	who	mɔi⁶ŋin²	nai⁵ŋin²	pe⁴le²
什么	what	mat⁷kai¹	mat⁷kai⁵	ha⁵la⁵
不	not	—	m¹	a⁶
全部	all	—	tsʰiɛn²pu⁵	tsʰjen⁵pʰu⁴
多	many	tɔ¹	tɔ¹	u⁵
一	one	ʒit⁷	it²	i⁶
二	two	ŋi⁶	ŋi⁵	u¹
大	big	tʰai⁶	tʰai⁶	vɔŋ²
长	long	tʃʰɔŋ²	tsʰɔŋ²	ka¹ta³
小	small	sai¹	sɛ⁵	sɔŋ¹
女人	female	pu¹ŋioŋ²ŋin²	ŋi³ŋin²	le²va³
男人	male	nam²ŋin²	lam²ŋin²	le²pu³
人	person	ŋin²	ŋin²	le²
鱼	fish	ŋiu²	ŋ̩²	pja⁴
鸟	bird	tau³	tiau¹	lɔ⁴taŋ¹
狗	dog	kou³	kiu³	kja³
虱子	louse	sɛt⁷ŋioŋ²	set⁷	taŋ⁵
树	tree	ʃu⁶	su⁶	tɔŋ⁵
种子	seed	—	tsuŋ³tsi³	ka³lɔ¹
叶子	leaf	ʒep³	jap⁸	pjɔŋ²
根	root		kin¹	kʰjuŋ²
树皮	bark	—	su⁵pi²	tɔŋ⁵kʰu⁵
皮肤	skin	pʰi²	pʰi²	kʰu⁵
肉	meat	pi³	ŋiuk⁷	kwe²
血	blood	—	hiet⁷	si³
骨头	bone		kut⁷	suŋ³kɔ³
脂肪	fat	—	—	—
鸡蛋	egg	lan³	kai¹tsʰun²	kwe¹kja⁵
角	horn	—	kɔk⁷	kaŋ¹
尾	tail	mui¹	mui¹	ka¹tɔ³
羽毛	feather	—	iuŋ²mau¹	pi¹
头发	hair	tʰeu²mou¹	tʰiu²mau¹	kaŋ⁶kʰu⁵pi¹
头	head	tʰeu²	tʰiu²	kaŋ⁶kʰu⁵
耳朵	ear	ŋi³kʰuŋ⁶	ŋi³kuŋ¹	ka²kʰuŋ³
眼睛	eye	ȵian³kʰiʔ⁸	ŋan²	ka¹kʰɔ³
鼻子	nose	pʰi⁶kuŋ⁶	pʰi⁶	ŋ̩³pju⁴
嘴	mouth	tsɔi¹	tsɔi⁵	tjɔ²
牙齿	tooth	ŋa²tʃʰi³	ŋa²	mun³
舌头	tongue	ʃet⁸ma²	set⁸ma²	pi⁶
爪子	claw	tsau³	tsau³	tsau⁵
脚	foot	kioʔ⁷	kiɔk⁷	tɔ⁵
膝	knee	kioʔ⁷puʔ⁷tʰeu³	tsʰit⁷tʰiu²	tɔ⁵tʰju⁴kui³^[a]
手	hand	ʃeu³	siu³	kʰwa⁴
肚子	belly	tu³ʃi³	tu³pʰat⁸	ŋiɔ³ka³
脖子	neck	kiaŋ³	kjaŋ³	ka³kjen¹
乳房	breast	—	ŋiɛn⁵pʰɔŋ²	ŋjuŋ³
心脏	heart	ɕim¹	sim¹	fun¹
肝	liver	kan¹	kɔn¹	fun¹
喝	drink	—	hɔt⁷	hɔ⁶
吃	eat	ʃiʔ⁸	sit⁸	luŋ²
咬	bite	ŋieʔ⁸	ŋau¹	tʰu⁶
看见	see	tʰai³	tʰe³tʰau²	mɔ⁶pʰu⁶
听见	hear	tʰaŋ⁵	tʰaŋ⁵tʰau²	kuŋ⁵
知道	know	tɛ¹	ti¹	pe¹
睡	sleep	fun²	sɔi⁵	pɔ⁵
死	die	—	si²	tʰa⁴
杀	kill	laʔ⁷	sat⁷	ta⁵
游泳	swim	—	ju²sui³	ka¹tu⁶kwe²
飞	fly	pui¹	fui¹	ŋi⁵
走	go	ham²	tsiu²	ka¹pi¹
来	come	lɔi²	lɔi⁴	lu⁴
躺	lie	—	sɔi⁵	ɔŋ²
坐	sit	tsʰɔŋ³	tsʰɔ¹	ŋjuŋ¹
站	stand	kʰi¹	kʰi¹	su³
给	give	pun¹	pi¹	puŋ¹
说	say	va⁶kɔŋ³	kuŋ³	kuŋ¹
太阳	sun	ŋiet⁸tʰeu²	tʰai⁵jɔŋ¹	lɔ¹kɔ³
月亮	moon	ŋiɔt⁸hau⁶	ŋiet⁷kɔŋ¹	le⁵
星星	star	saŋ⁶	sin¹	le⁵taŋ¹
水	water	ʃui³	sui³	ɔŋ²
雨	rain	ʃui³	sui¹	luŋ¹
石头	stone	ʃaʔ⁸	sak⁸tʰiu²	za¹kɔ³
沙子	sand	ʃa⁶	sa¹	hja¹
土地	earth	tʰi⁶	tu²	ta¹
云	cloud	vun²	vun²	tsɔŋ¹ɔŋ²
烟	smoke	ien¹	iɛn¹	in¹
火	fire	—	fɔ³	tʰɔ⁴
灰	ash	fɔi¹	fɔi¹	si³^[b]
烧	burn	—	sau¹	fa³
路	road	lu⁶	lu⁶	kja³
山	mountain	san¹	san¹	kje⁶
红	red	fuŋ²	fuŋ²	si⁵
绿	green	luʔ⁸	luk⁸	ka⁶pʰu²
黄	yellow	vɔŋ³	vɔŋ²	kʰun²
白	white	pʰaʔ⁸	pʰak⁸	kjɔ¹
黑	black	vu¹	u¹	kjaŋ¹
晚上	night	am¹pu⁶ʃi²	man¹sɔŋ⁵	lɔ³kaŋ⁴tsʰi²
热	hot	ŋiet⁸	ŋiet⁸	kʰaŋ¹
冷	cold	laŋ¹	laŋ¹	kjɔŋ⁵
满	full	—	man¹	paŋ³
新	new	ɕin¹	sin¹	tu⁶fun¹
好	good	hou³	hau²	ŋɔŋ⁵
圆	round	ʒen²	jin²	zin²
干	dry	—	kɔn¹	kʰui¹
名字	name	—	miaŋ²	mui²

Notes

^ kneecap 膝盖
^ ash of grass/wood 草木灰

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. Shezu yuyan 畲族语言. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. ISBN 7-211-03885-3
^ You (2002:29)
^ ^a ^b Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2014. Northern and Southern Vernaculars of She (San-hak): On Shuangguishan, Youxi County, Fujian Province / 畲話的南北分片問題: 以閩中尤溪雙貴山為例的探討. In 客家研究第七卷第二期, 2014 年12 月39-62 頁.
^ Nakanishi 2010.
^ 赵则玲. 2004. 试论畲话的归属. 《语言科学》2004年第5期87-94,共8页.
^ 林清书. 2008. 山羊隔畲族村的语言传承和语言使用现状. 《龙岩学院学报》 2008年第2期87-91,共5页.
^ ^a ^b Lin Jinlu, etc. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer Editorial Committee 龙岩地区地方志编纂委员会编; 总编林金禄. 1992. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer 福建省龙岩地区志. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press 上海人民出版社.
^ 大岛广美. 2011. 丰顺县凤坪村畲话的上声调嘎裂声. 《文化遗产》中文社会科学引文索引 2011年第3期共6页.
^ You Wenliang 游文良; Lei Nan 雷楠; Lan Ruitang 蓝瑞汤. 2005. Fenghuangshan Sheyu 凤凰山畲语. Jilin People's Press 吉林人民出版社.
^ Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
^ Liu Lunxin 刘纶鑫. 2008. Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu 贵溪樟坪畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
^ Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. Languages of She Minority / Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所.
^ 钱虹. 2015. 语言接触下的畲话语音变迁——以安徽宁国云梯畲话为例. 《广西民族大学学报: 哲学社会科学版》2015年第1期163-167,共5页.
^ Yóu, Wénliáng 游文良 (2002). Shēzú yǔyán 畬族語言 [The language of the She minority]. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House.
^ ^a ^b Zhào, Zélíng 趙則玲 (2004). Zhèjiāng Shēzú yánjiù 浙江畬族研究 [A study of the She dialects of Zhejiang]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Publishing House.
^ Hú, Sōngbó 胡松柏 (2009). Gàn dōngběi fāngyán dìaochá yánjiù 贑東北方言調查研究 [A survey study of the dialects of Northeast Jiangxi]. Nanchang: Jiangxi People's Publishing House.
^ Gan Chunyan 甘春妍. 2011. Boluo Sheyu yanjiu 博罗畲语研究. Tianjin: Nankai University Press 南开大学出版社. ISBN 978-7-310-03777-3

Sources

Nakanishi, Hiroki (2010). "On the genetic affiliation of Shehua 《论畬话的归属》". Journal of Chinese Linguistics (in Chinese). 24. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 247–267. JSTOR 23825447.
Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 《铅山太源畲话研究》. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. Shezu yuyan 《畲族语言》. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. ISBN 7-211-03885-3
Coblin, W. South (2019). Common Neo-Hakka: A Comparative Reconstruction. Language and linguistics Monograph Series 63. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 978-986-54-3228-7.

[14] This consonant only appears phonemically in syllable coda position.

[dialectal-15] Consonants in parentheses are present in only some dialects.

[16] This vowel is present in most dialects.

[dialectal-17] Vowels in parentheses are present in only some dialects.

[20] Two dialects have different tone values: Yóu records the Huá'ān dialect as having [˧] (33)^[14] and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of [˦˧] (43).^[15]

[21] Several dialects also have tone values of [˨˩˧] (213), and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of [˧˨˥] (325).^[15]

[24] 膝盖

[25] sh of grass/wood 草木灰

[You2002-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. Shezu yuyan 畲族语言. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. ISBN 7-211-03885-3

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[8] 大岛广美. 2011. 丰顺县凤坪村畲话的上声调嘎裂声. 《文化遗产》中文社会科学引文索引 2011年第3期共6页.

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[10] Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.

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[23] Gan Chunyan 甘春妍. 2011. Boluo Sheyu yanjiu 博罗畲语研究. Tianjin: Nankai University Press 南开大学出版社. ISBN 978-7-310-03777-3

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She Chinese
Shehua
Shanha
Native to	Fujian, Zhejiang
Ethnicity	She
Native speakers	400,000 (2002)^[1]^[2]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Hakka She Chinese
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Hakka
Writing system	Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (`mis`)
Linguasphere	`79-AAA-gbf`