Rouran language
Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD. The Rouran state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language. The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle. Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names. Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as *kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC *kʰɨʌH-bɨun > Mandarin qùfén); which, according to Atwood, is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son". In 2004, linguist Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown language not part of the Altaic sprachbund that might have been Rouran, arguing that if so, the language would be possibly a language isolate, though evidence was scant. In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi stone inscriptions, Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact, a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian. According to Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, the identification of these inscriptions with the Rouran language remains problematic because of the dating. According to Vovin, the Brāhmī Bugut inscription is dated to ca. 584–587 AD, and the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD. As both were created several decades after the Rouran Khaganate had been destroyed, Savelyev and Jeong conclude that it is unsafe to make conclusions on the composition of the Rouran population, or its elite, on the basis of these inscriptions.
| Rouran | |
|---|---|
| Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan, Juan-juan | |
| Native to | Rouran Khaganate |
| Region | Mongolia and northern China |
| Era | 4th century AD – 6th century AD |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD. The Rouran state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language.[1] The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle.[2]
Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names.[3] Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as *kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC *kʰɨʌH-bɨun > Mandarin qùfén); which, according to Atwood, is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son".[4] In 2004, linguist Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown language not part of the Altaic sprachbund that might have been Rouran,[5] arguing that if so, the language would be possibly a language isolate, though evidence was scant.[3] In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi stone inscriptions, Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact, a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.[6]
According to Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, the identification of these inscriptions with the Rouran language remains problematic because of the dating. According to Vovin, the Brāhmī Bugut inscription is dated to ca. 584–587 AD, and the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD. As both were created several decades after the Rouran Khaganate had been destroyed, Savelyev and Jeong conclude that it is unsafe to make conclusions on the composition of the Rouran population, or its elite, on the basis of these inscriptions.[7]
Phonology
[edit]Features of Rouran included:[3]
- no mid vowels
- presence of initial l-
- final consonantal cluster -nd unusual for any "Altaic" languages
Morphology
[edit]Rouran had the feminine gender suffix -tu-.[3]
Lexicon
[edit]Rouran vocabulary included:[3][6]
- and – 'oath' < Old Turkic: 𐰦, romanized: ant 'oath'
- aq – 'dung', 'white'
- beg – 'elder' < Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰀𐰘
- bitig – 'inscription' < Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏, romanized: bitig 'inscription, book'
- bod – 'people' < Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰑, romanized: bod 'clan, tribe, kin'
- drö – 'law'
- küǰü – 'strength' < Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲, romanized: küč 'strength, power'
- küskü – 'rat'
- laɣzïn – 'pig' < Old Turkic: 𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤
- luu – 'dragon' < Middle Chinese luŋ – 'dragon'
- ordu – 'camp'
- qaɣan – 'emperor'
- qaɣatun – 'empress'
- qan – 'khan'
- qatun – 'khan's wife'
- tal- – 'to plunder'
- törö – 'to be born'
- türǖg – 'Turk'
- ud – 'ox'
- yund – 'horse' < Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃, romanized: yunt - 'horse'[8]
References
[edit]- ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 2006. p. 317. ISBN 978-9231032110.
- ^ Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2019). Hammer and Anvil: Nomad Rulers at the Forge of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 49. ISBN 9781442214453.
- ^ a b c d e Vovin, Alexander (3–5 December 2010). "Once Again on the Ruanruan Language". Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010).
- ^ Christopher P., Atwood (2013). "Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus". Central Asiatic Journal. 56. Harrassowitz Verlag: 49–86.
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2004). "Some thoughts on the origins of the old Turkic 12-year animal cycle". Central Asiatic Journal. 48 (1): 118–132. ISSN 0008-9192.
- ^ a b Vovin, Alexander (2019). "A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 1 (1): 162–197. doi:10.1163/25898833-12340008. ISSN 2589-8825. S2CID 198833565 – via BRILL.
- ^ Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (January 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 7612788.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972). "yunt". An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 946.