Wave model

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In historical linguistics, the wave model, or wave theory (German: Wellentheorie), is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from its region of origin, being adopted by a gradually expanding cluster of dialects. Each innovation starts at a certain place, and spreads from speaker to speaker, from dialect to dialect, in the same fashion as waves on the water.^[1][2]

The theory was intended as a substitute for the tree model, which did not seem to be able to explain the existence of some features, especially in the Germanic languages, by descent from a proto-language. At its most ambitious, it is a wholesale replacement for the tree model of languages.^[2] During the 20th century, the wave model had little acceptance as a model for language change overall, except for certain cases, such as the study of dialect continua and areal phenomena; it has recently gained more popularity among historical linguists, due to the shortcomings of the tree model.^[2][3]

The tree model requires languages to evolve exclusively through social splitting and linguistic divergence. In the “tree” scenario, the adoption of certain innovations by a group of dialects should result immediately in their loss of contact with other related dialects: this is the only way to explain the nested organisation of subgroups imposed by the tree structure.

Such a requirement is absent from the wave model, which can easily accommodate a distribution of innovations in intersected patterns. Such a configuration is typical of dialect continua (and of linkages, see below), that is, historical situations in which dialects share innovations with different neighbours simultaneously, in such a way that the genealogical subgroups they define form an intersected pattern. This explains the popularity of the wave model in studies of dialectology.^[1]

Johannes Schmidt used a second metaphor to explain the formation of a language from a continuum. The continuum is at first like a smooth, sloping line. Speakers in close proximity tend to unify their speech, creating a stepped line out of the sloped line. These steps are the dialects. Over the course of time, some steps become weak and fall into disuse, while others preempt the entire continuum. As an example, Schmidt used Standard German, which was defined to conform to some dialects and then spread throughout Germany, replacing the local dialects in many cases.

In modern linguistics, the wave model has contributed greatly to improve, but not supersede, the tree model approach of the comparative method.^[4] Some scholars have even proposed that the wave model does not complement the tree model but should replace it for the representation of language genealogy.^[2] The recent works have also focused on the notion of a linkage,^[5] a family of languages descended from a former dialect continuum; linkages cannot be represented by trees and must be analysed by the wave model.

In A Thousand Plateaus, Deleuze and Guattari explicitly oppose arborescent models of language, instead opting for rhizomatic models that function like waves. They write: "Language stabilizes around a parish, a bishopric, a capital. It forms a bulb. It evolves by subterranean stems and flows, along river valleys or train tracks; it spreads like a patch of oil." Despite these similarities, it is unclear whether Deleuze and Guattari were explicitly aware of the wave model during the production of A Thousand Plateaus.

Advocacy of the wave theory is attributed to Johannes Schmidt and Hugo Schuchardt.

In 2002 to 2007, Malcolm Ross and his colleagues theorized that Oceanic languages can be best understood as developing through the wave model.^[6][7]

The wave model provided the key inspiration to several approaches in linguistics, notably:

• Dialectology, the study of dialectal variation, which often takes the form of linguistic atlases and maps, displaying isoglosses and dialect boundaries (including fuzzy boundaries, cf. Croissant, Rhenish fan);
• Dialectometry, the quantitative and computational branch of dialectology;
• Historical glottometry, a quantitative and diffusionist approach to language subgrouping and genealogy: its main unit of observation are the individual innovations as they diffused across dialect networks and linkages (internal to a given family), resulting in genetic subgroups that form intersecting patterns;
• Areal linguistics, the study of language contact (including across different families), and of the sprachbunds that result from long periods of language convergence;
• Creole linguistics, the study of linguistic creoles and mixed languages, and of their genesis.

• Memetics
• Horizontal gene transfer