Vulpavus

Vulpavus; Temporal range: 54.9–46.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early to middle Eocene
	Skeleton of Vulpavus ovatus at the American Museum of Natural History
	Life restoration of V. ovatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Clade:	Carnivoramorpha
Clade:	Carnivoraformes
Genus:	†Vulpavus; Marsh, 1871
Type species
	†Vulpavus palustris; Marsh, 1871
Species
	†V. australis Matthew & Granger, 1915; †V. canavus (Cope, 1881); †V. completus Matthew, 1909; †V. farsonensis Gunnell, 1998; †V. palustris Marsh, 1871; †V. profectus Matthew, 1909; Subgenus: †Phlaodectes Matthew, 1909 †V. ovatus (Matthew, 1909); ;
Synonyms
	synonyms of species: V. australis: Vulpavus asius Gazin, 1952 ; ; V. canavus: Miacis brevirostris Cope, 1881 ; Miacis canavus Cope, 1881 ; Prodaphaenus canavus Wortman, 1901 ; Uintacyon brevirostris Matthew, 1899 ; Uintacyon canavus Matthew, 1899 ; ; V. ovatus: Phlaodectes ovatus Matthew, 1909 ; ;

Vulpavus ("ancestor of foxes") is an extinct paraphyletic genus of placental mammals from clade Carnivoraformes, that lived in North America from the early to middle Eocene.^[9]^[10]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Vulpavus are shown in the following cladogram:^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Clade "B"

	†Eogale

	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Clade "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Clade "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade

†Vulpavus clade

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

References

^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(3):83-130
^ O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Archived 2022-02-26 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127
^ C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82
^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-35519-2
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 978-1-139-19343-6.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34....1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2) e1082480. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E2480S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. hdl:2433/274918.

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[1] W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103

[2] E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202

[3] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[4] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(3):83-130

[5] O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Archived 2022-02-26 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127

[6] C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82

[Wortman1901-7] J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206

[8] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75

[McKenna_&_Bell-9] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

[10] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-35519-2

[asdff-11] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 978-1-139-19343-6.

[SoléSmith2014-12] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34....1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.

[SoléSmith2016-13] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2) e1082480. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E2480S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.

[Tomiya2021-14] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. hdl:2433/274918.

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Vulpavus Temporal range: 54.9–46.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early to middle Eocene

Skeleton of Vulpavus ovatus at the American Museum of Natural History

Life restoration of V. ovatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Clade:	Carnivoramorpha
Clade:	Carnivoraformes
Genus:	†Vulpavus Marsh, 1871
Type species
†Vulpavus palustris Marsh, 1871
Species
†V. australis Matthew & Granger, 1915^[1] †V. canavus (Cope, 1881)^[2] †V. completus Matthew, 1909^[3] †V. farsonensis Gunnell, 1998^[4] †V. palustris Marsh, 1871^[5] †V. profectus Matthew, 1909 Subgenus: †Phlaodectes Matthew, 1909 †V. ovatus (Matthew, 1909)
Synonyms
synonyms of species: V. australis: Vulpavus asius Gazin, 1952^[6] V. canavus: Miacis brevirostris Cope, 1881 Miacis canavus Cope, 1881 Prodaphaenus canavus Wortman, 1901^[7] Uintacyon brevirostris Matthew, 1899^[8] Uintacyon canavus Matthew, 1899 V. ovatus: Phlaodectes ovatus Matthew, 1909

Vulpavus

Phylogeny

See also

References