User:Asmaley

This user is a student editor in Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_(Spring_2021). sandboxes

This user is a student editor in Rice_University/Poverty,_Justice,_and_Human_Capabilities_(Fall_2020). sandboxes

This user participates in WikiProject Disability.

This user is a member of WikiProject Discrimination.

Greetings! I am a student editor currently located in the Chicagoland area. I got into Wikipedia last year through the PJHC program @ Rice University, and will be continuing work here into 2021. My hobbies include running and eating burrito bowls and my current interests are health disparities as they pertain to substance-abuse and houselessness. I am part of WikiProject Disability and WikiProject Discrimination. Feel free to reach me at asm14@rice.edu with any questions. Thank you for dropping by!

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   1.         OriginsBasic information

                1.1.         Individual factors

                1.2.         Institutional basis

                                            1.1.1.          

                                            1.1.1.         Problematic Patterns

Institutional patterns

                                            1.1.1.         Lack of objective information about drugs

                             1.2.1.          

                             1.2.2.         Drugs and HIV infection

   2.         Regional Patterns

                2.1.         Africa

                             2.1.1.         Kenya

                             2.1.2.         Tanzania

                2.2.         Asia

                             2.2.1.         India

                             2.2.2.         Vietnam

                2.3.         Europe

                             2.3.1.         Sweden

                2.4.         North America

                             2.4.1.         Canada

                             2.4.2.         United States

   3.         See also

   4.         References

Discrimination against drug addicts

1.    Add “Origins” section

• The article provides a disconnected overview of the issue within the opening summary and the “Basic information” section. Through reorganizing pertinent information into a “Origins” section, readers will gain a better understanding of the historical and sociological precedents for this form of discrimination. This subtopic will be considered through the lens of events such as the War on Drugs, productivity industrial complex, and cultural imperialism.

• References

Ahern, Jennifer, Jennifer Stuber, and Sandro Galea. “Stigma, Discrimination and the Health of Illicit Drug Users.” Drug and alcohol dependence 88, no. 2 (2006): 188–196.

Jahannes, J A. “Substance Abuse and the Legacy of Racism.” Journal of the National Medical Association 79, no. 5 (1987): 473–475.

2.    Revise “Basic Information” and “Problematic Patterns” subsections into “Individual Factors.”

• Incorporating these sections will describe how individual behavioral patterns resultant of substance-use disorder can make drug users more prone to discrimination. This includes overviewing scholarly research on how desocialization, medical risks, and assumptions of mental wellbeing impact the lived experiences and outcomes for this population,
• References

Birtel, Michèle D, Lisa Wood, and Nancy J Kempa. “Stigma and Social Support in Substance Abuse: Implications for Mental Health and Well-Being.” Psychiatry research 252 (2017): 1–8.

Livingston, James D, Teresa Milne, Mei Lan Fang, and Erica Amari. “The Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Stigma Related to Substance Use Disorders: a Systematic Review.” Addiction (Abingdon, England) 107, no. 1 (2012): 39–50.

3.    Revise “Institutional Patterns” into “Institutional Basis” with earlier subsections “Drugs and HIV infection” and “Lack of objective information about drugs.”

• This section will review institutional and policy factors, for instance, mandated employer drug testing, that drive current systems of oppression against drug users. Only globally relevant information on HIV will remain in the respective subsection, with the remainder being transferred to the appropriate regionally designated subsections provided below.
• References

Ledda, Caterina, Francesca Cicciù, Beatrice Puglisi, Tiziana Ramaci, Giuseppe Nunnari, and Venerando Rapisarda. “Attitude of Health Care Workers (HCWs) Toward Patients Affected by HIV/AIDS and Drug Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.” International journal of environmental research and public health 14, no. 3 (2017): 284–.

Wefing, John B. “Employer Drug Testing: Disparate Judicial and Legislative Responses.” Albany law review 63, no. 3 (2000): 799–.

4.    Add “Tanzania” subsection and incorporate “Kenya” under “Africa” in “Regional Patterns.”

• Narrative cohesion and source breadth under the Africa subsection will be expanded using data obtained from the WENDU Report, a European Union funded research report describing facets of drug-use epidemiology across Africa.
  • Source breadth will additionally be expanded with respect to Kenya by delving into historical research presenting the colonial underpinnings resulting in modern prevalence of drug use and discrimination.
  • The introduced section regarding Tanzania will center on the political economy of their opioid trade and trafficking and how it oppresses already marginalized populations. It will also explore harm reduction strategies to mitigate the debilitating social impacts drug use has on these populations.

• References

Mburu, Gitau, Sylvia Ayon, Alexander C Tsai, James Ndimbii, Bangyuan Wang, Steffanie Strathdee, and Janet Seeley. “‘Who Has Ever Loved a Drug Addict? It’s a Lie. They Think a “Teja” Is as Bad Person’: Multiple Stigmas Faced by Women Who Inject Drugs in Coastal Kenya.” Harm reduction journal.15, no. 1 (2018): 29–29.

McCurdy, S. and P. Kaduri. (2016). The political economy of heroin and crack in Tanzania. Review of African Political Economy. 43:148, 312-319, DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2016.1170678

Rataemane, Solomon, Taiwo Akindipe, Sylvia Adebajo, Rahman Lawal, and Lolade Abiodun. “From Addiction to Infection : Managing Drug Abuse in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Africa : Review Article.” African journal of reproductive health.18 (2014): 47–54.

Ratliff, E., Kaduri, P., Masao, F. Mbwambo, J., McCurdy, S. (2016). Drug policy as a complex adaptive system: A dynamic overview of Tanzanian policies concerning heroin trafficking and use. International Journal on Drug Policy. 30: 7-16. PubMed PMID: 26790689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4829464.

5.    Add “Asia” section in “Regional Patterns” with “India” and “Vietnam” subsections.

• The India subsection will primarily explore intersections between drug use and HIV care barriers in urban locales such as Chennai and Delhi. It will further explore how the strict criminalization of drug use plays into casteism.
• For the subsection reviewing Vietnam, drug-use stigma will be elaborated upon and contextualized with respect to methadone treatment center implementation. The impact of the opioid epidemic on perpetuating neglect for populations such as rural and mountain region villagers will also be accounted.
• References

Enisha Sarin, Luke J. Samson, and Michael D. Sweat. “Impact of Acts of Discrimination on Quality of Life Among Injecting Drug Users in Delhi, India.” Social indicators research 113, no. 1 (2013): 319–334.

Latkin, Carl, Aylur K Srikrishnan, Cui Yang, Sethulakshmi Johnson, Sunil S Solomon, Suresh Kumar, David D Celentano, and Suniti Solomon. “The Relationship Between Drug Use Stigma and HIV Injection Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Chennai, India.” Drug and alcohol dependence 110, no. 3 (2010): 221–227.

Tran, Bach Xuan, Phuong Bich Vu, Long Hoang Nguyen, Sophia Knowlton Latkin, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Thu Thi Phan, and Carl A Latkin. “Drug Addiction Stigma in Relation to Methadone Maintenance Treatment by Different Service Delivery Models in Vietnam.” BMC public health 16, no. 1 (2016): 238–238.

Van Nguyen, Hung, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Hue Thi Mai, Hai Quan Le, Bach Xuan Tran, Canh Dinh Hoang, Huong Thi Le, et al. “Stigmatization Among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients in Mountainous Areas in Northern Vietnam.” Harm reduction journal 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–1.

6.    Add “Europe” section in “Regional Patterns” with a subsection on “Sweden.”

• This subsection presents an opportunity to discuss drug liberalization and its barriers through the lens of Sweden. Recent prejudicial policies and social attitudes targeted towards substance-users described in scholarly and ethnographic work will be considered.
• References

Chatwin, Caroline. “Mixed Messages from Europe on Drug Policy Reform: The Cases of Sweden and the Netherlands.” Journal of drug policy analysis 11, no. 1 (2016).

Levy, Jay. The War on People Who Use Drugs the Harms of Sweden’s Aim for a Drug-Free Society / Jay Levy. LONDON: ROUTLEDGE, 2017.

7.    Incorporate current content on “United States” and “Canada” into a new “North America” section in “Regional Patterns.”

• Content will be reorganized so that US-specific discussions solely fall under the subsection given here rather than popping up elsewhere in the article, thus reducing Western bias. The section on the United States will be expanded to discuss the racially disparate criminalization for drug offenses and cultural attitudes as well.
• Similarly, the “Canada” subsection will be added on to address the connections between the marginalization of indigenous populations and use of corrective versus punitive approaches to drug use.

·       References

Barker, Brittany, Kali Sedgemore, Malcolm Tourangeau, Louise Lagimodiere, John Milloy, Huiru Dong, Kanna Hayashi, Jean Shoveller, Thomas Kerr, and Kora DeBeck. “Intergenerational Trauma: The Relationship Between Residential Schools and the Child Welfare System Among Young People Who Use Drugs in Vancouver, Canada.” Journal of adolescent health 65, no. 2 (2019): 248–254.

Lavalley, Jennifer, Shelda Kastor, Malcolm Tourangeau, Ashley Goodman, and Thomas Kerr. “You Just Have to Have Other Models, Our DNA Is Different: The Experiences of Indigenous People Who Use Illicit Drugs And/or Alcohol Accessing Substance Use Treatment.” Harm reduction journal 17, no. 1 (2020): 19–19.

Matsuzaka, Sara, and Margaret Knapp. “Anti-Racism and Substance Use Treatment: Addiction Does Not Discriminate, but Do We?” Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse (2019): 1–27.

Pantea Farahmand, Arslaan Arshed, and Mark V. Bradley. “Systemic Racism and Substance Use Disorders.” Psychiatric annals 50, no. 11 (2020): 494–498.

Verissimo, Angie Denisse Otiniano, Gilbert C Gee, Chandra L Ford, and Martin Y Iguchi. “Racial Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, and Substance Abuse Among Latina/os Nationwide.” Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 20, no. 1 (2014): 43–51.

There has been a relatively recent shift in public discourse about how those with drug addictions have been perceived and treated in society, and particularly how the underpinnings of discrimination against this population today are founded in historical racism and classism. The Wikipedia page for “Discrimination against drug addicts” neglects this intersectionality and additionally has more fundamental flaws in maintaining Wikipedia norms such as neutrality, citation breadth, and cohesion. I would like to improve upon the page through the following actions:

• Identify appropriate and culturally competent terminology and introduce it in consensus with fellow editors (i.e drug addict vs individual with drug addiction vs individual with substance use disorder).

• Contextualize the relationship between the criminalization outcomes for drug addiction and socioeconomic and racial status.
• Restructure article sections to improve upon narrative cohesion, for instance, having Kenya as a subsection under Africa rather than entirely separate.
• Introduce peer-reviewed research and visual media to improve article neutrality and substantiveness.
• Improve upon the global lens of the article by addressing other nations on continents such as Europe, Asia, and South America.

Ahern, Jennifer, Jennifer Stuber, and Sandro Galea. “Stigma, Discrimination and the Health of Illicit Drug Users.” Drug and alcohol dependence 88, no. 2 (2006): 188–196.

Jahannes, J A. “Substance Abuse and the Legacy of Racism.” Journal of the National Medical Association 79, no. 5 (1987): 473–475.

Latkin, Carl, Aylur K Srikrishnan, Cui Yang, Sethulakshmi Johnson, Sunil S Solomon, Suresh Kumar, David D Celentano, and Suniti Solomon. “The Relationship Between Drug Use Stigma and HIV Injection Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Chennai, India.” Drug and alcohol dependence 110, no. 3 (2010): 221–227.

Ledda, Caterina, Francesca Cicciù, Beatrice Puglisi, Tiziana Ramaci, Giuseppe Nunnari, and Venerando Rapisarda. “Attitude of Health Care Workers (HCWs) Toward Patients Affected by HIV/AIDS and Drug Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.” International journal of environmental research and public health 14, no. 3 (2017): 284–.

Levy, Jay. The War on People Who Use Drugs the Harms of Sweden’s Aim for a Drug-Free Society / Jay Levy. LONDON: ROUTLEDGE, 2017.

Matsuzaka, Sara, and Margaret Knapp. “Anti-Racism and Substance Use Treatment: Addiction Does Not Discriminate, but Do We?” Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse (2019): 1–27.

Pantea Farahmand, Arslaan Arshed, and Mark V. Bradley. “Systemic Racism and Substance Use Disorders.” Psychiatric annals 50, no. 11 (2020): 494–498.

Rataemane, Solomon, Taiwo Akindipe, Sylvia Adebajo, Rahman Lawal, and Lolade Abiodun. “From Addiction to Infection : Managing Drug Abuse in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Africa : Review Article.” African journal of reproductive health 18 (2014): 47–54.

Tran, Bach Xuan, Phuong Bich Vu, Long Hoang Nguyen, Sophia Knowlton Latkin, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Thu Thi Phan, and Carl A Latkin. “Drug Addiction Stigma in Relation to Methadone Maintenance Treatment by Different Service Delivery Models in Vietnam.” BMC public health 16, no. 1 (2016): 238–238.

Verissimo, Angie Denisse Otiniano, Gilbert C Gee, Chandra L Ford, and Martin Y Iguchi. “Racial Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, and Substance Abuse Among Latina/os Nationwide.” Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 20, no. 1 (2014): 43–51.

This article has been relatively untouched since 2016 and fails to adopt a global lens nor address this topic's intersectionality with areas such as racism and homophobia. Furthermore, it primarily considers discrimination from a policy lens, lacking content under sections such as “Criminal victimization.” I am interested in expanding that subsection and extending on the article as a whole with the following:

• Identify appropriate and culturally competent terminology and introduce it in consensus with fellow editors (i.e homelessness vs houselessness).
• Describing housing and homelessness rates and discrimination as it pertains to racial minorities, LGBT+ demographics, and veterans.
• Discussing proposed solutions to mitigate homeless discrimination across a broad range of dimensions like employment, education, and healthcare.

Boyd, Jennifer E, H’Sien Hayward, Elena D Bassett, and Rani Hoff. “Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness and Depressive and Psychotic Symptoms in Homeless Veterans over 6 Months.” Psychiatry research 240 (2016): 253–259.

Canavan, Réamonn, Margaret M Barry, Aleksana Matanov, Henrique Barros, Edina Gabor, Tim Greacen, Petra Holcnerová, et al. “Service Provision and Barriers to Care for Homeless People with Mental Health Problems Across 14 European Capital Cities.” BMC health services research 12, no. 1 (2012): 222–222.

Cobb-Clark, Deborah A, and Anna Zhu. “Childhood Homelessness and Adult Employment: The Role of Education, Incarceration, and Welfare Receipt.” Journal of population economics 30, no. 3 (2017): 893–924.

Every, Danielle, and John Richardson. “A Framework for Disaster Resilience Education with Homeless Communities.” Disaster prevention and management 27, no. 2 (2018): 146–158.

Fazel, Seena, John R Geddes, and Margot Kushel. “The Health of Homeless People in High-Income Countries: Descriptive Epidemiology, Health Consequences, and Clinical and Policy Recommendations.” The Lancet (British edition) 384, no. 9953 (2014): 1529–1540.

Gattis, Maurice N, and Andrea Larson. “Perceived Racial, Sexual Identity, and Homeless Status-Related Discrimination Among Black Adolescents and Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness: Relations With Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality.” American journal of orthopsychiatry 86, no. 1 (2016): 79–90.

Johnstone, Melissa, Jolanda Jetten, Genevieve A Dingle, Cameron Parsell, and Zoe C Walter. “Discrimination and Well-Being Amongst the Homeless: The Role of Multiple Group Membership.” Frontiers in psychology 6 (2015): 739–739.

Montgomery, Ann Elizabeth, Jillian C Shipherd, Michael R Kauth, Keith W Harris, and John R Blosnich. “Use of Veterans Health Administration Homeless Programs Among Transgender and Non-Transgender Veterans Experiencing Self-Reported Housing Instability.” Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 31, no. 2 (2020): 909–919.

Panadero, Sonia, Rosa Martín, and José Juan Vázquez. “Suicide Attempts and Stressful Life Events Among Homeless People in Madrid (Spain).” Journal of community & applied social psychology 28, no. 4 (2018): 200–212.

Vázquez, José Juan, Alexia C Suarez, Alberto E Berríos, and Sonia Panadero. “Intersecting Vulnerabilities, Intersectional Discrimination, and Stigmatization Among People Living Homeless in Nicaragua.” Social science quarterly 102, no. 1 (2021): 618–627.

WACHHOLZ, Sandra. “Hate Crimes Against the Homeless : Warning-Out New England Style.” Journal of sociology and social welfare 32, no. 4 (2005): 141–163.

Wrighting, Quentaxia, Lorraine R Reitzel, Tzu-An Chen, Darla E Kendzor, Daphne C Hernandez, Ezemenari M Obasi, Sonakshee Shree, and Michael S Businelle. “Characterizing Discrimination Experiences by Race Among Homeless Adults.” American journal of health behavior 43, no. 3 (2019): 531–542.

1               1   Definitions

2               History

3               Demographics

3.1 African Americans

        3.1.1. Challenges in Education

        3.1.2 Challenges in Employment

        3.1.2. Challenges in Healthcare

        3.1.3 Challenges in Criminal Justice

4               Disparities

1.1     African Americans

2       4.1 Poverty

4.2 3  Discrimination in Employment

4.3 Discrimination in Education

4.4 Discrimination Healthcare

   54  Services

5.1 Social Security Administration

5.2 5  Education

5.21.1 K-12

5.22.2 Higher Education

5.23.3 Employment and minimum wage exemption

5.3 6  Insurance

67      See also

78      References

89      External links

1.    Add “Definitions” section

The article loosely touches upon how disability is defined in different contexts, mainly within the opening summary and the “Demographics” section. Through reorganizing this information into the “Definitions” section readers will gain a better understanding of what a topic as expansive as disability entails within the United States. Definitions for disability will be expanded to consider sociological, medical, and policy perspectives from American scholars.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Bloch, Frank S. “Medical Proof, Social Policy, and Social Security’s Medically Centered Definition of Disability.” Cornell law review 92, no. 2 (January 2007): 189–.*
2. Donoghue, Christopher. “Challenging the Authority of the Medical Definition of Disability: An Analysis of the Resistance to the Social Constructionist Paradigm.” Disability & Society 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 199–208.*
3. The Social Security Definition of Disability Social Security Advisory Board. Washington, D.C: Social Security Advisory Board, 2003.

2.    Reformat current article content into “History” section

This new section will take into account what the article already has noted in regard to disability legislation passed in the United States, and also add notable figures such as Helen Keller, FDR, and Laura Hershey.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Burkhauser, Richard V, and Mary C Daly. “Policy Watch: U.S. Disability Policy in a Changing Environment.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 213–224.*
2. Charlton, James I. Nothing About Us Without Us : Disability Oppression and Empowerment / James I. Charlton. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.*
3. Laura Hershey. “Pursuing an Agenda Beyond Barriers: Women with Disabilities.” Women’s studies quarterly 24, no. 1/2 (April 1, 1996): 60–63.*
4. Wilson, Daniel J. “A Disability History of the United States by Kim E. Nielsen (review).” African American review 50, no. 2 (2017): 241–242.*

3.    Add 2015 American Community Survey Table to “Demographics”

I plan on including tables reflecting important findings from the American Community Survey of disabled persons, specifically their findings reflecting race, age, and disability domain (i.e mental versus physical). This will provide an easy to interpret figure that readers can utilize to better understand America’s diverse disability backgrounds.

·       Proposed Sources

1. “U.S. Summary, 2015. American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates : American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates” 2016 ASI 2316-12.52.
2. Wehby, George L, and Wei Lyu. “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender.” Health services research 53, no. 2 (2018): 1248–1271.

3.1 Expand “African Americans” subheading with “Challenges in Education,” “Challenges in Employment,” “Challenges in Healthcare,” and “Challenges in Criminal Justice” subsections.

These individual subsections will better address the breadth of struggles faced by black people with disabilities and emphasize the dual effect that both identities have on their livelihood.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Kenneth G. Manton, and XiLiang Gu. “Changes in the Prevalence of Chronic Disability in the United States Black and Nonblack Population Above Age 65 from 1982 to 1999.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 98, no. 11 (2001): 6354–6359.*
2. Newacheck, Paul W. “Disparities in the Prevalence of Disability Between Black and White children.” JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 289, no. 21 (June 4, 2003): 2775-.*

3.1.1. Create “Challenges in Healthcare” Subsection.

This new section will present how African Americans are dually discriminated against in healthcare settings. It will highlight large disparities in patient outcomes, as well as coverage and uninsured rates among this demographic.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Kuhlthau, Karen, Rebecca M Nyman, Timothy G Ferris, Anne C Beal, and James M Perrin. “Correlates of Use of Specialty Care.” Pediatrics 113, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): e249–e255.*
2. Thorpe, Roland J, Carlos Weiss, Qian-Li Xue, and Linda Fried. “Transitions Among Disability Levels or Death in African American and White Older Women.” Journals of Gerontology: Series A 64A, no. 6 (June 2009): 670–674.*
3. White-Means, Shelley I, and Judith M Hammond. “Health Insurance and Disability Levels for Older Black and White Women in the South.” Journal of applied gerontology 12, no. 4 (December 1993): 482–496.*

3.1.2. Create “Challenges in Education” Subsection.

This subsection will provide an overview of challenges and trends observed among Black Americans students in special education across primary and secondary schooling. Measures of academic achievement and access to adequate educational services will be considered.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Connor, David J., and Beth A. Ferri. 2005. “Integration and Inclusion— A Troubling Nexus: Race, Disability, and Special Education.” The Journal of African American History 90 (1–2): 107–27.*
2. King Thorius, Kathleen A, and Federico R Waitoller. “Strategic Coalitions Against Exclusion at the Intersection of Race and Disability—A Rejoinder.” Harvard educational review 87, no. 2 (June 22, 2017): 251–257.*

3.1.3. Create “Challenges in Employment” Subsection.

This section will discuss the higher rates of unemployment black individuals with disabilities experience. Strategies proposed to close this gap will also be introduced.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Ethridge, Glacia, Angel Riddick Dowden, and Michael Brooks. “The Impact of Disability and Type of Crime on Employment Outcomes of African American and Latino Offenders.” Journal of applied rehabilitation counseling 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 46–53.*
2. Ozawa, Martha N, and Yeong Hun Yeo. “Work Status and Work Performance of People With Disabilities: An Empirical Study.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 17, no. 3 (December 2006): 180–190.*

3.1.4. Create “Challenges in Criminal Justice” Subsection.

This section will discuss disproportionate cases of police brutality and incarceration rates amongst African Americans with disabilities. Additionally, it will note recent intersectionality with the BLM movement and calls for justice for Marcus-Justice Peters, a black man killed by a policeman during a psychiatric episode.

·       Proposed Sources

1. McCauley, Erin J. “The Cumulative Probability of Arrest by Age 28 Years in the United States by Disability Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender.” American journal of public health (1971) 107, no. 12 (December 2017): 1977–1981.*
2. Oser, Carrie B, Amanda M Bunting, Erin Pullen, and Danelle Stevens-Watkins. “African American Female Offender’s Use of Alternative and Traditional Health Services After Re-Entry: Examining the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations.” Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 27, no. 2A (2016): 120–148.*
3. Ringle, Adrew. “Virginia House approves MARCUS Alert bill.” Inside NOVA. September 11, 2020.

4.    Reformat current article content in “Disparities” section, with the inclusion of current sections like “Poverty,” as well as newer ones such as “Discrimination in Employment,” “Discrimination in Education,” and “Discrimination in Healthcare.”

Broad trends regarding lower access to care and opportunities among disabled populations in America will be noted immediately below this section. Additionally, sociocultural aspects of ableism in America will be noted. Subsections such as “Poverty,” “Discrimination in Employment,” and “Discrimination in Education” will be established through already existing content present within the “Poverty,” “Discrimination in Employment,” and “Education” subheadings in the article.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Bogart, Kathleen R, and Dana S Dunn. “Ableism Special Issue Introduction.” Journal of social issues 75, no. 3 (2019): 650–664.*
2. Schur, Lisa A. “Dead End Jobs or a Path to Economic Well Being? The Consequences of Non-Standard Work Among People with Disabilities.” Behavioral sciences & the law 20, no. 6 (2002): 601–620.*

4.4. Create “Discrimination in Healthcare” subsection.

This subsection will overview challenges faced by disabled community as a whole within the American healthcare system. The delegitimization of mental health and prioritization of care are particular subtopics of note.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Cencirulo, Jason, Tatiana McDougall, Caitlin Sorenson, Shelly Crosby, and Peter Hauser. “Trainee Experiences of Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Ableism (the ‘ISMs’) at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare Facility.” Training and education in professional psychology (April 9, 2020).*
2. Peña-Guzmán, David M, and Joel Michael Reynolds. “The Harm of Ableism: Medical Error and Epistemic Injustice.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal 29, no. 3 (2019): 205–242.*

5.    Reformat current article sections such as “Social Security Administration,” “Education,” and “Insurance” to go under a broader section titled “Services.”

A general blurb about the publicly supported and funded services for the disabled community in the United States will be provided before delving into subsections already established in the article.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. Baltimore, Md: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, 2000.
2. Understanding the Social Security Disability Program. Washington, D.C.: Social Security Administration, Office of Disability, 2001. “Disability”

Disability

6.3.1. Expand “Race” subsection

Current information centered on the United States will be transferred over to the “Disability in the United States” page under the “Disparities” section. This subsection will then be updated to consider global trends in disability prevalence and wellbeing among global minorities.

·       Proposed Sources

1. Hendricks, Charlene, Jennifer E Lansford, Kirby Deater-Deckard, and Marc H Bornstein. “Associations Between Child Disabilities and Caregiver Discipline and Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Child development 85, no. 2 (2014): 513–531.*
2. James, Spencer L, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, et al. “Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2017: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.” The Lancet (British edition) 392, no. 10159 (2018): 1789–1858.*

Note: This is a remnant from past assignments prior to 9/15/20. Please refer to the content above and in my sandbox for a more in-depth perspective on my proposed article changes as of now.

A significant emphasis of the disability equality movement is recognizing and practicing intersectionality. The Wikipedia page for Disability does not do an effective job of recognizing this, with the content, including “Race,” under the “Intersections” subsection of the page listed as needing expansion. Currently, the single paragraph under “Race” cites a single source discussing how disabled racial minority individuals are more vulnerable to violence. I would like to expand this section to accomplish the following:

• Further contextualize the relationship between violent crime and disabled racial minority individuals, more specifically the Black Disabled community.
• Address other disparities faced by the Black Disabled community specifically with regards to education, employment and healthcare.
• Highlight media representation and prominent figures of the Black Disabled community.
• Address scholarly discussions regarding the idea of race and racial trauma as a disability

Potential references include:

Connor, David J., and Beth A. Ferri. 2005. “Integration and Inclusion— A Troubling Nexus: Race, Disability, and Special Education.” The Journal of African American History 90 (1–2): 107–27.

Ethridge, Glacia, Angel Riddick Dowden, and Michael Brooks. “The Impact of Disability and Type of Crime on Employment Outcomes of African American and Latino Offenders.” Journal of applied rehabilitation counseling 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 46–53.

Giancarlo, Alexandra, David Shannon, and Audrey Kobayashi. “Intersecting Oppressions: African Nova Scotians with Disabilities and Possibilities Arising from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.” Canadian journal of disability studies 5, no. 2 (June 14, 2016): 98–.

King Thorius, Kathleen A, and Federico R Waitoller. “Strategic Coalitions Against Exclusion at the Intersection of Race and Disability—A Rejoinder.” Harvard educational review 87, no. 2 (June 22, 2017): 251–257.

McCauley, Erin J. “The Cumulative Probability of Arrest by Age 28 Years in the United States by Disability Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender.” American journal of public health (1971) 107, no. 12 (December 2017): 1977–1981.

Mollow, Anna. “Unvictimizable: Toward a Fat Black Disability Studies.” African American review 50, no. 2 (2017): 105–121.

Newacheck, Paul W. “Disparities in the Prevalence of Disability Between Black and White children.(Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine)(Author Abstract).” JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 289, no. 21 (June 4, 2003): 2775–.

Orem, Sarah. “(Un)necessary Procedures: Black Women, Disability, and Work in Grey’s Anatomy.” African American review 50, no. 2 (2017): 169–183.

Paul-Emile, Kimani. “Blackness as Disability?” The Georgetown law journal 106, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 293–.

Ralph, Laurence. “Torture Without Torturers: Violence and Racialization in Black Chicago.” Current anthropology 61, no. S21 (February 2020): S87–S96.

Tawara D. Goode, Olivia D. Carter-Pokras, Willi Horner-Johnson, and Silvia Yee. “Parallel Tracks: Reflections on the Need for Collaborative Health Disparities Research on Race/Ethnicity and Disability.” Medical care 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): S3–S8.

The subsection for “Transgender inequality for people of color” is sizable on this page, but struggles with organization and relevance to BIPOC. For instance the “Inequality in health” subheading under the aforementioned has an entire paragraph discussing broader transgender health inequalities that do not take race into account. I am interested in cleaning up the subsection and extending on it with the following:

• Relationship between law enforcement and black transgender individuals.
  • Black Trans Lives Matter Movement, specifically in light of recent events such as the murder of Tony McDade.
• Housing and homelessness rates specific to the black transgender community.
• Life expectancy and chronic healthcare conditions among racial minority transgender individuals.

Potential references include:

Awkward-Rich, Cameron. “Thinking Black [Trans] Gender.” American quarterly 71, no. 3 (2019): 903–914.

Balsam, Kimberly F, Yamile Molina, Blair Beadnell, Jane Simoni, and Karina Walters. “Measuring Multiple Minority Stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale.” Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 17, no. 2 (April 2011): 163–174.

Beltran, Theo, Amani M Allen, Jess Lin, Caitlin Turner, Emily J Ozer, and Erin C Wilson. “Intersectional Discrimination Is Associated with Housing Instability Among Trans Women Living in the San Francisco Bay Area.” International journal of environmental research and public health 16, no. 22 (2019): 4521–.

Chaney, Cassandra, and Le’Brian Patrick. “The Invisibility of LGBT Individuals in Black Mega Churches: Political and Social Implications.” Journal of African American studies (New Brunswick, N.J.) 15, no. 2 (2010): 199–217.

Chaudhry, V Varun. “On Trans Dissemblance: Or, Why Trans Studies Needs Black Feminism.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 529–535.

Dudley, Richard G. “Being Black and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 183–195.

Goldenberg, Tamar, Laura Jadwin-Cakmak, Elliot Popoff, Sari L Reisner, Bré A Campbell, and Gary W Harper. “Stigma, Gender Affirmation, and Primary Healthcare Use Among Black Transgender Youth.” Journal of adolescent health 65, no. 4 (2019): 483–490.

Greene, Joss T. “Categorical Exclusions: How Racialized Gender Regulation Reproduces Reentry Hardship.” Social Problems 66, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 548–563.

Moore, Mignon R. “ARTICULATING A POLITICS OF (MULTIPLE) IDENTITIES: LGBT Sexuality and Inclusion in Black Community Life.” Du Bois review 7, no. 2 (2010): 315–334.

Patil, Anushka. “How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event.” The New York Times. The New York Times, June 16, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html.

Ransby, Barbara. Making All Black Lives Matter : Reimagining Freedom in the Twenty-First Century / Barbara Ransby. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2018.

Talk Pages of Proposed Articles:

• Talk: Disability
• Talk: Transgender inequality