Turing (programming language)

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Turing
Paradigm	multi-paradigm: procedural, object-oriented
Designed by	Ric Holt, James Cordy
Developer	Holt Software Associates
First appeared	1982; 44 years ago (1982)
Final release	4.1.1 / November 25, 2007; 18 years ago (2007-11-25)
Typing discipline	static, manifest
OS	Microsoft Windows
Major implementations
Turing, TPlus, OpenT
Dialects
Object-Oriented Turing, Turing+
Influenced by
Euclid, Pascal, SP/k

Turing is a high-level, general purpose programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. It was designed to help students taking their first computer science course learn how to code. Turing is a descendant of Pascal, Euclid, and SP/k that features a clean syntax and precise machine-independent semantics.

Turing 4.1.0 is the latest stable version. Versions 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 do not emit standalone program .exe files. Versions pre-4.1.0 have outdated syntax and functions.

Named after British computer scientist Alan Turing, Turing is used mainly as a teaching language at the high school and university level.^[1] Two other versions exist, Object-Oriented Turing and Turing+, a systems programming variant. In September 2001, "Object Oriented Turing" was renamed "Turing" and the original Turing was renamed "Classic Turing". Turing is now unsupported by Holt Software Associates in Toronto, Ontario. Turing was widely used in high schools in Ontario as an introduction to programming.^[2]

On November 28, 2007, Turing, which was previously a commercial programming language, became freeware, available to download from the developer's website free of charge for personal, commercial, and educational use.^[3][4][5]

The makers of Turing, Holt Software Associates, have since ceased operations, and Turing has seen no further development since November 25, 2007.^[4]

Turing is designed to have a very lightweight, readable, intuitive syntax. Here is the entire "Hello, World!" program in Turing with syntax highlighting:

put "Hello World!"

Turing avoids semicolons and braces, using explicit end markers for most language constructs instead, and allows declarations anywhere. Here is a complete program defining and using the traditional recursive function to calculate a factorial.

 % Accepts a number and calculates its factorial
 
 function factorial (n: int) : real
      if n = 0 then
           result 1
      else
           result n * factorial (n - 1)
      end if
 end factorial
 
 var n: int
 loop
      put "Please input an integer: " ..
      get n
      exit when n >= 0
      put "Input must be a non-negative integer."
 end loop
 
 put "The factorial of ", n, " is ", factorial (n)

Currently, there are two open source alternative implementations of Turing: Open Turing, an open source version of the original interpreter, and TPlus, a native compiler for the concurrent system programming language variant Turing+. OpenT, a project to develop a Turing compiler, was discontinued.

Open Turing is an open-source implementation of the original Turing interpreter for Windows written by Tristan Hume. It includes speed improvements, new features such as OpenGL 3D and a new code editor. It is fully backwards compatible with the closed-source implementation.^[6]

TPlus is an open-source implementation of original (non-Object-Oriented) Turing with systems programming extensions developed at the University of Toronto and ported to Linux, Solaris, and Mac OS X at Queen's University in the late 1990s.^[7] TPlus implements Turing+ (Turing Plus), a concurrent systems programming language based on the original Turing programming language. Some, but not all, of the features of Turing Plus were eventually subsumed into the present Object-Oriented Turing language. Turing Plus extends original Turing with processes, monitors (as specified by C.A.R. Hoare), and language constructs needed for system programming such as binary input-output, separate compiling, variables at absolute addresses, type converters and other features.

Turing+ (Turing Plus) is a concurrent systems programming language based on the Turing programming language designed by James Cordy and Ric Holt, then at the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1987. Some, but not all, of the features of Turing+ were eventually subsumed into Object-Oriented Turing. Turing+ extended original Turing with processes and monitors (as specified by C.A.R. Hoare) as well as language constructs needed for systems programming such as binary input-output, separate compiling, variables at absolute addresses, type converters, and other features.

Turing+ was explicitly designed to replace Concurrent Euclid in systems-programming applications. The TUNIS operating system, originally written in Concurrent Euclid, was recoded to Turing+ in its MiniTunis implementation. Turing+ has been used to implement several production software systems, including the language TXL.

Object-Oriented Turing is an extension of the Turing programming language and a replacement for Turing Plus created by Ric Holt^[8][9] of the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1991. It is imperative, object-oriented, and concurrent. It has modules, classes, single inheritance, processes, exception handling, and optional machine-dependent programming.

There is an integrated development environment under the X Window System and a demo version.^{[citation needed]} Versions exist for Sun-4, MIPS, RS-6000, NeXTSTEP, Windows 95, and others.

• Grogono, Peter (1995). Programming with Turing and Object Oriented Turing. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94517-0.
• Holt, Richard C.; Cordy, James R. (December 1983). "The Turing language report". Annual Progress Report. Canada: Computer Systems Research Institute, University of Toronto. ISSN 0316-6295.
• Holt, Richard C.; Cordy, James R. (December 1988). "The Turing programming language". Communications of the ACM. 31 (12): 1410–1423. doi:10.1145/53580.53581. S2CID 40859457.
• Holt, Richard C.; Matthews, Philip A.; Rosselet, J. Alan; Cordy, James R. (1988). The Turing programming language: design and definition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-933136-7. OCLC 17377539.

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Turing

• OpenTuring on GitHub