Timeline of Solar System exploration

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes: All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes. A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft. It does not include: Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation. The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites. Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on). Probes that failed at launch. The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

This article is about listing events in a comprehensive list. For a timeline of first-ever achievements, see Timeline of space exploration.

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

• All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
• A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.^[vague]

It does not include:

• Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
• The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
• Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
• Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Sputnik 1	4 October 1957	First Earth orbiter	[1][2]
Sputnik 2	3 November 1957	Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika	[2][3][4]
Explorer 1	1 February 1958	Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts	[5]
Vanguard 1	17 March 1958	Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit	[6]
Luna 1	2 January 1959	First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit.	[7][8][9][10]
Pioneer 4	3 March 1959	Lunar flyby	[11][12]
Luna 2	12 September 1959	First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon	[10][13]
Luna 3	4 October 1959	Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon	[10][14]

1960s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Pioneer 5	11 March 1960	Interplanetary space investigations	[15][16]
Venera 1	12 February 1961	First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)	[17][18][19]
Vostok 1	12 April 1961	First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin)	[20][21]
Ranger 1	23 August 1961	Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)	[22][23][24]
Ranger 2	18 November 1961	Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)	[24][25][26]
Ranger 3	26 January 1962	Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)	[24][27][28]
Ranger 4	23 April 1962	Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data)	[24][29][30][31]
Mariner 2	27 August 1962	First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby	[32][33][34]
Ranger 5	18 October 1962	Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)	[24][35][36]
Mars 1	1 November 1962	First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost)	[37][38]
Luna 4	2 April 1963	Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)	[39][40]
Cosmos 21	11 November 1963	Attempted Venera test flight?	[41]
Ranger 6	30 January 1964	Lunar impact (cameras failed)	[42][43]
Zond 1	2 April 1964	Venus flyby (contact lost)	[44][45][46]
Ranger 7	28 July 1964	Lunar impact (success)	[47][48][49]
Voskhod 1	12 October 1964	First orbiter with multimember crew	[50][51]
Mariner 3	5 November 1964	Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory)	[52][53]
Mariner 4	28 November 1964	First successful Mars flyby (taking the first close-up image of another planet)[54]	[55][56]
Zond 2	30 November 1964	Mars flyby (contact lost)	[46][57][58]
Ranger 8	17 February 1965	Lunar impact	[59][60]
Voskhod 2	18 March 1965	First space walk, by Alexei Leonov	[51][61]
Ranger 9	21 March 1965	Lunar impact	[62][63]
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1	6 May 1965	Oldest spacecraft still in use[citation needed]	[64]
Luna 5	9 May 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)	[65]
Luna 6	8 June 1965	Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)	[66]
Zond 3	18 July 1965	Lunar flyby	[46][67][68]
Luna 7	4 October 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)	[69]
Venera 2	12 November 1965	Venus flyby (contact lost)	[70][18]
Venera 3	16 November 1965	Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact	[71][18]
Luna 8	3 December 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?)	[72]
Pioneer 6	16 December 1965	"Space weather" observations	[73][74][75][76]
Luna 9	31 January 1966	First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander	[10][77]
Luna 10	31 March 1966	First extraterrestrial orbiter (except heliocentric) and first lunar orbiter	[78]
Surveyor 1	30 May 1966	Lunar lander	[79][80][81]
Explorer 33	1 July 1966	Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit)	[82][83]
Lunar Orbiter 1	10 August 1966	Lunar orbiter	[84][85][86]
Pioneer 7	17 August 1966	"Space weather" observations	[76][87][88]
Luna 11	24 August 1966	Lunar orbiter	[89]
Surveyor 2	20 September 1966	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)	[90][91]
Luna 12	22 October 1966	Lunar orbiter	[92]
Lunar Orbiter 2	6 November 1966	Lunar orbiter	[93][94]
Luna 13	21 December 1966	Lunar lander	[95]
Lunar Orbiter 3	5 February 1967	Lunar orbiter	[96][97]
Surveyor 3	17 April 1967	Lunar lander	[98][99]
Lunar Orbiter 4	4 May 1967	Lunar orbiter	[100][101]
Venera 4	12 June 1967	First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus)	[18][102]
Mariner 5	14 June 1967	Venus flyby	[103][104]
Surveyor 4	14 July 1967	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)	[105][106]
Explorer 35 (IMP-E)	19 July 1967	Lunar orbiter	[107]
Lunar Orbiter 5	1 August 1967	Lunar orbiter	[86][108][109]
Surveyor 5	8 September 1967	Lunar lander	[110][111]
Surveyor 6	7 November 1967	Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body	[80][112][113]
Apollo 4	9 November 1967	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)	[114]
Pioneer 8	13 December 1967	"Space weather" observations	[76][115][116]
Surveyor 7	7 January 1968	Lunar lander	[117][118]
Apollo 5	22 January 1968	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)	[119][120]
Zond 4	2 March 1968	Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed)	[46][121][122][123]
Luna 14	7 April 1968	Lunar orbiter	[124]
Zond 5	14 September 1968	First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon	[46][125][126][127][128]
Apollo 7	11 October 1968	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed)	[129][130]
Pioneer 9	8 November 1968	"Space weather" observations	[76][131][132]
Zond 6	10 November 1968	Lunar flyby and return to Earth	[46][133][134]
Apollo 8	21 December 1968	First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter	[130][135][136]
Venera 5	5 January 1969	Venus atmospheric probe	[18][137]
Venera 6	10 January 1969	Venus atmospheric probe	[18][138]
Mariner 6	25 February 1969	Mars flyby	[139][140]
Apollo 9	3 March 1969	Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit	[130][141]
Mariner 7	27 March 1969	Mars flyby	[142][143]
Apollo 10	18 May 1969	Crewed lunar orbiter	[130][144][145]
Luna 15	13 July 1969	Second attempted lunar sample return	[146][147]
Apollo 11	16 July 1969	First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission	[148][149][150][151][152]
Zond 7	7 August 1969	Lunar flyby and return to Earth	[46][153][154]
Apollo 12	14 November 1969	Crewed lunar landing	[155][156][157]

1970s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Apollo 13	11 April 1970	Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted).	[158][159][160][161]
Venera 7	17 August 1970	First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface)	[18][162][163]
Luna 16	12 September 1970	First robotic lunar sample return	[10][164]
Zond 8	20 October 1970	Lunar flyby and return to Earth	[46][165][166]
Luna 17/Lunokhod 1	10 November 1970	First remote controlled rover	[10][167]
Apollo 14	31 January 1971	Crewed lunar landing	[168][169][170]
Salyut 1	19 April 1971	First space station	[171][172]
Mars 2	19 May 1971	First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars)	[173][174][175][176][177]
Mars 3	28 May 1971	Mars orbiter (arrived after Mariner 9); First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars)	[178][179][180][181][182]
Mariner 9	30 May 1971	First to orbit another planet (Mars)	[183][184]
Apollo 15	26 July 1971	Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover	[130][185][186][187]
Luna 18	2 September 1971	Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon)	[188][189]
Luna 19	28 September 1971	Lunar orbiter	[190]
Luna 20	14 February 1972	Lunar robotic sample return	[191]
Pioneer 10	3 March 1972	First Jupiter flyby	[192][193][75]
Venera 8	27 March 1972	Venus lander	[18][194][195]
Apollo 16	16 April 1972	Crewed lunar landing	[196][197][198]
Apollo 17	7 December 1972	Last crewed lunar landing	[199][200][201][202]
Luna 21/Lunokhod 2	8 January 1973	Lunar rover	[203]
Pioneer 11	5 April 1973	Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby	[75][204][205]
Explorer 49 (RAE-B)	10 June 1973	Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy	[206][207]
Mars 4	21 July 1973	Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter)	[208][209]
Mars 5	25 July 1973	Mars orbiter	[210][211]
Mars 6	5 August 1973	Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing)	[212][213]
Mars 7	9 August 1973	Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars)	[214][215]
Mariner 10	3 November 1973	Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby	[216][217][218][219]
Luna 22	29 May 1974	Lunar orbiter	[10][220]
Luna 23	28 October 1974	Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing)	[221]
Helios-A	10 December 1974	Solar observations	[222][223]
Venera 9	8 June 1975	First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus)	[18][224][225][226]
Venera 10	14 June 1975	Venus orbiter and lander	[18][227][228][229]
Viking 1	20 August 1975	Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface	[230][231][232][233]
Viking 2	9 September 1975	Mars orbiter and lander	[233][234][235][236]
Helios-B	15 January 1976	Solar observations	[237][238]
Luna 24	9 August 1976	Lunar robotic sample return	[10][239]
Voyager 2	20 August 1977	Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby	[240][241][242]
Voyager 1	5 September 1977	Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere	[242][243][244]
Pioneer Venus 1	20 May 1978	Venus orbiter	[245][246]
Pioneer Venus 2	8 August 1978	Venus atmospheric probes	[247][248]
ISEE-3	12 August 1978	Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby	[249][250][251]
Venera 11	9 September 1978	Venus flyby and lander	[18][252][253][254]
Venera 12	14 September 1978	Venus flyby and lander	[18][255][256][257]

1980s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Venera 13	30 October 1981	Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet.	[18][258][259][260]
Venera 14	4 November 1981	Venus flyby and lander	[18][261][262][263]
Venera 15	2 June 1983	Venus orbiter	[18][264][265]
Venera 16	7 June 1983	Venus orbiter	[18][266][267]
Vega 1	15 December 1984	Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby	[268][269][270][271][272]
Vega 2	21 December 1984	Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby	[272][273][274][275][276]
Sakigake	8 January 1985	Comet Halley flyby	[277][278]
Giotto	2 July 1985	First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby	[279][280][281]
Suisei (Planet-A)	18 August 1985	Comet Halley flyby	[282][283]
Mir	19 February 1986	First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996)	[284][285][286]
Phobos 1	7 July 1988	Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost)	[287][288]
Phobos 2	12 July 1988	Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost)	[289][290]
Magellan	4 May 1989	Venus orbiter	[291][292]
Galileo	18 October 1989	Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe	[293][294][295][296]

1990s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Hiten (MUSES-A)	24 January 1990	Lunar flyby and orbiter	[297][298]
Hubble Space Telescope	24 April 1990	Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990[needs update])	[299][300][301]
Ulysses	6 October 1990	Solar polar orbiter	[302][303][304]
Yohkoh (Solar-A)	30 August 1991	Solar observations (1991–2001)	[305][306]
Mars Observer	25 September 1992	Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost)	[307][308]
Clementine	25 January 1994	Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost)	[309][310][311]
WIND	1 November 1994	Solar wind observations	[312][313]
SOHO	2 December 1995	Solar observatory (operational since 1996[needs update])	[314][315][316]
NEAR Shoemaker	17 February 1996	Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing	[317][318][319]
Mars Global Surveyor	7 November 1996	Mars orbiter	[320][321]
Mars 96	16 November 1996	Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit)	[322][323]
Mars Pathfinder	4 December 1996	Mars lander and first successful planetary rover	[324][325][326]
ACE	25 August 1997	Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998[needs update])	[327][328]
Cassini–Huygens	15 October 1997	First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan)	[329][330][331][332][333]
Lunar Prospector	7 January 1998	Lunar orbiter	[334][335]
Nozomi (Planet-B)	3 July 1998	Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit)	[336][337]
Deep Space 1 (DS1)	24 October 1998	Asteroid and comet flyby	[338][339]
ISS	20 November 1998	International space station	[340][341]
Mars Climate Orbiter	11 December 1998	Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed)	[342][343]
Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2)	3 January 1999	Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost)	[344][345][346]
Stardust	7 February 1999	First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006)	[347][348][349]

2000s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
2001 Mars Odyssey	7 April 2001	Mars orbiter	[350][351]
Genesis	8 August 2001	First solar wind sample return	[352][353][354][355]
CONTOUR	3 July 2002	Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space)	[356][357]
Hayabusa (MUSES-C)	9 May 2003	Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid	[358][359][360]
Mars Express/Beagle 2	2 June 2003	Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure)	[361][362][363][364]
Mars Exploration Rover Spirit	10 June 2003	Mars rover	[365][366]
Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity	8 July 2003	Mars rover	[367][368]
SMART-1	27 September 2003	Lunar orbiter	[369][370]
Rosetta/Philae	2 March 2004	Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014)	[371][372][373][374]
MESSENGER	3 August 2004	First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011)	[375][376][377]
Deep Impact	12 January 2005	Comet flyby and impact	[378][379][380][381]
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	12 August 2005	Mars orbiter	[382][383]
Venus Express	9 November 2005	Venus polar orbiter	[384][385]
New Horizons	19 January 2006	First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019)	[386][387][388][389]
Hinode (Solar-B)	22 September 2006	Solar orbiter	[390][391]
STEREO	26 October 2006	Two spacecraft, solar orbiters	[392][393][394]
Phoenix	4 August 2007	Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008)	[395][396]
SELENE (Kaguya)	14 September 2007	Lunar orbiters	[397][398][399][400]
Dawn	27 September 2007	Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015)	[401][402][403]
Chang'e 1	24 October 2007	Lunar orbiter	[404][405][406]
Chandrayaan-1	22 October 2008	Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon	[407][408][409]
Herschel Space Observatory	14 May 2009	Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point	[410][411]
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS	18 June 2009	Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor	[412][413][414][415]
WISE (NEOWISE)	14 December 2009	Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission)	[416][417][418]

2010s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Solar Dynamics Observatory	11 February 2010	Continuous solar monitoring	[419][420]
Akatsuki (Planet-C)	20 May 2010	Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015)	[421][422][423]
PICARD	15 June 2010	Solar monitoring	[424][425]
Chang'e 2	1 October 2010	Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby	[406][426][427]
Juno	5 August 2011	Jupiter orbiter	[428][429]
GRAIL	10 September 2011	Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters	[430][431][432]
Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1	8 November 2011	Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit	[433][434]
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover)	26 November 2011	Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012)	[435][436]
Van Allen Probes (RBSP)	30 August 2012	Earth Van Allen radiation belts study	[437][438][439]
IRIS	28 June 2013	Solar observations	[440]
LADEE	7 September 2013	Lunar orbiter	[441][442]
Hisaki	14 September 2013	Planetary atmosphere observatory	[443]
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)	5 November 2013	Mars orbiter	[444][445][446]
MAVEN	18 November 2013	Mars orbiter	[447][448]
Chang'e 3	1 December 2013	Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976)	[406][449][450][451]
Chang'e 5-T1	23 October 2014	Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission	[452]
Hayabusa2 / MASCOT	3 December 2014	Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover	[360][453][454]
PROCYON	3 December 2014	Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure)	[455]
DSCOVR	11 February 2015	Solar observation	[456][457]
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander	14 March 2016	Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure)	[458][459]
OSIRIS-REx	8 September 2016	Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023)	[460][461]
InSight	5 May 2018	Mars lander	[462][463]
Queqiao	20 May 2018	Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point	[464]
Parker Solar Probe	12 August 2018	Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU)	[465][466]
BepiColombo	19 October 2018	Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in November 2026)	[467][468]
Chang'e 4	7 December 2018	Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side	[406][469][470]
Beresheet	22 February 2019	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)	[471][472]
Chandrayaan-2	22 July 2019	Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent)	[473][474]

2020s

[edit]

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Solar Orbiter	10 February 2020	Sun-observing satellite	[475][476][477]
Mars Hope	19 July 2020	Mars orbiter	[478]
Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover)	23 July 2020	Mars orbiter, lander, and rover	[479]
Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter)	30 July 2020	Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet	[480][481][482]
Chang'e 5	23 November 2020	Lunar sample return	[406][483]
Lucy	16 October 2021	Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids	[484][485]
DART / LICIACube	24 November 2021	Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor	[486][487]
James Webb Space Telescope	25 December 2021	Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2	[488][489]
CAPSTONE	28 June 2022	Lunar orbiter	[490]
Danuri (KPLO)	5 August 2022	Lunar orbiter	[491]
Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats	16 November 2022	Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions.	[492]
Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight	11 December 2022	Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon)	[493][494][495]
JUICE	14 April 2023	Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter	[496]
Chandrayaan-3	14 July 2023	Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole	[497][498]
Luna 25	10 August 2023	Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon)	[499][500]
Aditya-L1	2 September 2023	Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1	[501]
SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2)	6 September 2023	Lunar flyby, lander and rovers	[502][503]
Psyche	13 October 2023	Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter	[504]
Peregrine Mission One (including Iris and Colmena rovers)	8 January 2024	Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded)	[505]
IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus (including EagleCam deployable camera)	15 February 2024	Lunar landers	[506]
DRO A/B	13 March 2024	Lunar orbiters	[507]
Queqiao-2 (including Tiandu-1 and 2)	20 March 2024	Lunar orbiters	[508]
Chang'e 6 (including Pakistan's ICUBE-Q cubesat)	3 May 2024	Lunar sample return, rover and orbiters; first sample return from the lunar far side	[509][510]
Hera (3 orbiters)	7 October 2024	Asteroid 65803 Didymos rendezvous	[511]
Europa Clipper	14 October 2024	Jupiter orbiter, Europa multiple flyby	[512][513][514]
Blue Ghost M1	15 January 2025	Lunar lander	[515]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 (including Tenacious rover)	15 January 2025	Lunar lander and rover	[515]
Intuitive Machines Nova-C IM-2 (including MAPP LV1, Micro-Nova, AstroAnt and Yaoki rover)	27 February 2025	Lunar lander and rovers
Lunar Trailblazer	27 February 2025	Lunar orbiter
Brokkr-2	27 February 2025	Asteroid flyby
Chimera-1	27 February 2025	Lunar flyby
Tianwen-2 (orbiters and landers)	29 May 2025	Asteroid study and sample return
Carruthers Geocorona Observatory	24 September 2025	heliophysics mission	[516]
Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1	24 September 2025	heliophysics mission	[516]
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe	24 September 2025	heliophysics mission	[516]
EscaPADE	13 November 2025	Two orbiters to Mars	[517]
Artemis II	1 April 2026	Crewed lunar flyby. Farthest from Earth a human has gone (406,771km)	[518]

Planned or scheduled

[edit]

Main article: List of proposed Solar System spacecraft

See also

[edit]

• Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
• Human presence in space
• List of missions to the Moon
• List of missions to Venus
• List of missions to Mars
• List of Solar System probes
• List of interplanetary voyages
• List of space telescopes
• New Frontiers program
• Out of the Cradle – 1984 book about scientific speculation on future missions.
• Space Race
• Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
• Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
• Timeline of first orbital launches by country
• Timeline of space exploration
• Timeline of space travel by nationality
• Timeline of spaceflight

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Sputnik 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Sputnik | satellites". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
3. ^ "Sputnik 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
4. ^ Garcia, Mark (6 November 2017). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit". NASA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
5. ^ "Explorer 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
6. ^ "Vanguard 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
7. ^ "Luna 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
8. ^ Cavallaro, Umberto (5 October 2018). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783319921532.
9. ^ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (28 June 2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 9781441978981. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Luna | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
11. ^ "Pioneer 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
12. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
13. ^ "Luna 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
14. ^ "Luna 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
15. ^ "Pioneer 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
16. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
17. ^ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} "Venera | Soviet space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
19. ^ Wright, John (23 May 2006). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. p. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
20. ^ "Vostok 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
21. ^ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
22. ^ "Ranger 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
23. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
24. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Ranger | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
25. ^ "Ranger 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
26. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
27. ^ "Ranger 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
28. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
29. ^ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
30. ^ "Ranger 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
31. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
32. ^ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
33. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 02". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
34. ^ "Missions to Venus and Mercury". www.planetary.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
35. ^ "Ranger 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
36. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
37. ^ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
38. ^ "In Depth | Mars 01". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
39. ^ "Luna 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
40. ^ "In Depth | Luna 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
41. ^ "Cosmos 21". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
42. ^ "Ranger 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
43. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
44. ^ "Zond 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
45. ^ "In Depth | Zond 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
46. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Zond | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
47. ^ "Ranger 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
48. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
49. ^ "Image of the Moon taken by a Ranger 7". NSAS NSSDC Image Catalog. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
50. ^ "Voskhod 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
51. ^ ^{a b} "Voskhod | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
52. ^ "Mariner 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
53. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 03". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
54. ^ "Attempt to Take Pictures of Black Space Scrubbed". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). 21 August 1965. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
55. ^ "Mariner 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
56. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
57. ^ "Zond 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
58. ^ "In Depth | Zond 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
59. ^ "Ranger 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
60. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
61. ^ "Voskhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
62. ^ "Ranger 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
63. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
64. ^ "LCS 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
65. ^ "Luna 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
66. ^ "Luna 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
67. ^ "Zond 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
68. ^ "In Depth | Zond 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
69. ^ "Luna 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
70. ^ "Venera 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
71. ^ "Venera 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
72. ^ "Luna 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
73. ^ "Pioneer 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
74. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
75. ^ ^{a b c} "Pioneer | space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
76. ^ ^{a b c d} American Astronautical Society (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 244. ISBN 9781851095193. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
77. ^ "Luna 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
78. ^ "Luna 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
79. ^ "Surveyor 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
80. ^ ^{a b} "Surveyor | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
81. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
82. ^ "Explorer 33". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
83. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 33". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. December 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
84. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
85. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
86. ^ ^{a b} "Lunar Orbiter | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
87. ^ "Pioneer 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
88. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
89. ^ "Luna 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
90. ^ "Surveyor 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
91. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
92. ^ "Luna 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
93. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
94. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
95. ^ "Luna 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
96. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
97. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
98. ^ "Surveyor 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
99. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
100. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
101. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
102. ^ "Venera 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
103. ^ "Mariner 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
104. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 05". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
105. ^ "Surveyor 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
106. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
107. ^ "Explorer 35". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
108. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
109. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
110. ^ "Surveyor 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
111. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
112. ^ "Surveyor 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
113. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
114. ^ "Apollo 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
115. ^ "Pioneer 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
116. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 08". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
117. ^ "Surveyor 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
118. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
119. ^ "Apollo 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
120. ^ "Apollo 5 LM-1/Descent". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
121. ^ "Zond 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
122. ^ "In Depth | Zond 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
123. ^ Wong, Michael (6 March 2018). "50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully". NASA. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
124. ^ "Luna 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
125. ^ "Zond 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
126. ^ "In Depth | Zond 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
127. ^ Mars, Kelli (18 September 2018). "50 Years Ago: On the Way to the Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019. the first living organisms to have made a circumlunar flight
128. ^ Greeley, R. (17 April 2013). Planetary Landscapes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 9781475722932. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
129. ^ "Apollo 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
130. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Apollo | History, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
131. ^ "Pioneer 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
132. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
133. ^ "Zond 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
134. ^ "In Depth | Zond 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
135. ^ "Apollo 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
136. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 8". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
137. ^ "Venera 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
138. ^ "Venera 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
139. ^ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
140. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
141. ^ "Apollo 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
142. ^ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
143. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
144. ^ "Apollo 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
145. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 10". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
146. ^ "Luna 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
147. ^ "In Depth | Luna 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
148. ^ "Apollo 11 | Facts & Pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
149. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 11". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
150. ^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
151. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
152. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Overview". www.lpi.usra.edu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
153. ^ "Zond 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
154. ^ "In Depth | Zond 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
155. ^ "Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
156. ^ "Apollo 12 Lunar Module / ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
157. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 12". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
158. ^ "Apollo 13 | United States spaceflight". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
159. ^ "Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
160. ^ "Apollo 13 Lunar Module/ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
161. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 13". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
162. ^ "Venera 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
163. ^ "In Depth | Venera 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
164. ^ "Luna 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
165. ^ "Zond 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
166. ^ "In Depth | Zond 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
167. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (20 December 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover". Space.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
168. ^ "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
169. ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
170. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 14". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
171. ^ "Salyut 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
172. ^ "Salyut | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
173. ^ "Mars 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
174. ^ "Mars 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
175. ^ "In Depth | Mars 02". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
176. ^ Coletta, Damon; Pilch, Frances T. (16 October 2009). Space and Defense Policy. Routledge. p. 428. ISBN 9781135969653. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
177. ^ Genta, Giancarlo (30 December 2016). Next Stop Mars: The Why, How, and When of Human Missions. Springer. p. 219. ISBN 9783319443119. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
178. ^ "Mars 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
179. ^ "Mars 3 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
180. ^ "In Depth | Mars 03". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
181. ^ "Mars - Spacecraft exploration". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
182. ^ "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019. Mars 3 became the first successful soft landing on the Red Planet, but stopped transmitting after just 14.5 seconds for unknown reasons.
183. ^ "Mariner 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
184. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
185. ^ "Apollo 15 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
186. ^ "Apollo 15 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
187. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 15". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
188. ^ "Luna 18". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
189. ^ "In Depth | Luna 18". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
190. ^ "Luna 19". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
191. ^ "Luna 20". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
192. ^ "Pioneer 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
193. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
194. ^ "Venera 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
195. ^ "In Depth | Venera 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
196. ^ "Apollo 16 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
197. ^ "Apollo 16 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
198. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 16". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
199. ^ "Apollo 17 | Overview & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
200. ^ "Apollo 17 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
201. ^ "Apollo 17 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
202. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 17". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
203. ^ "Luna 21/Lunokhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
204. ^ "Pioneer 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
205. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
206. ^ "RAE-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
207. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 49". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
208. ^ "Mars 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
209. ^ "In Depth | Mars 04". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
210. ^ "Mars 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
211. ^ "In Depth | Mars 05". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
212. ^ "Mars 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
213. ^ "In Depth | Mars 06". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
214. ^ "Mars 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
215. ^ "In Depth | Mars 07". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
216. ^ "Ch5". Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
217. ^ "Mariner 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
218. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
219. ^ "Mariner | United States space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
220. ^ "Luna 22". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
221. ^ "Luna 23". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
222. ^ "Helios-A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
223. ^ "In Depth | Helios 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
224. ^ "Venera 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
225. ^ "Venera 9 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
226. ^ "In Depth | Venera 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
227. ^ "Venera 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
228. ^ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
229. ^ "In Depth | Venera 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
230. ^ "Viking 1 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
231. ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
232. ^ "In Depth | Viking 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
233. ^ ^{a b} "Viking | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
234. ^ "Viking 2 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
235. ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
236. ^ "In Depth | Viking 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
237. ^ "Helios-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
238. ^ "Helios 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
239. ^ "Luna 24". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
240. ^ "Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
241. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
242. ^ ^{a b} "Voyager | Definition, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
243. ^ "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
244. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
245. ^ "Pioneer Venus Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
246. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
247. ^ "Pioneer Venus Probe Bus". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
248. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
249. ^ "ISEE 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
250. ^ "In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
251. ^ "ISEE-3/ICE". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
252. ^ "Venera 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
253. ^ "Venera 11 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
254. ^ "In Depth | Venera 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
255. ^ "Venera 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
256. ^ "Venera 12 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
257. ^ "In Depth | Venera 12". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
258. ^ "Venera 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
259. ^ "Venera 13 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
260. ^ "In Depth | Venera 13". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
261. ^ "Venera 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
262. ^ "Venera 14 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
263. ^ "In Depth | Venera 14". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
264. ^ "Venera 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
265. ^ "In Depth | Venera 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
266. ^ "Venera 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
267. ^ "In Depth | Venera 16". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
268. ^ "Vega 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
269. ^ "Vega 1 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
270. ^ "Vega 1 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
271. ^ "In Depth | Vega 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
272. ^ ^{a b} "Vega 1 & 2". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 October 1997. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
273. ^ "Vega 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
274. ^ "Vega 2 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
275. ^ "Vega 2 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
276. ^ "In Depth | Vega 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
277. ^ "Sakigake". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
278. ^ "In Depth | Sakigake". NASA Solar System Exploration. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
279. ^ "Giotto". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
280. ^ "In Depth | Giotto". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
281. ^ "Giotto". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
282. ^ "Suisei". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
283. ^ "In Depth | Suisei". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
284. ^ "Mir". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
285. ^ "Mir | Description, Launch, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
286. ^ Hamilton, John (15 December 2018). Space Stations and Beyond. ABDO. p. 30. ISBN 9781532171598. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
287. ^ "Phobos 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
288. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
289. ^ "Phobos 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
290. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
291. ^ "Magellan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
292. ^ "In Depth | Magellan". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
293. ^ "Galileo Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
294. ^ "Galileo Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
295. ^ "Galileo - In Depth". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
296. ^ "In Depth | Galileo Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
297. ^ "Hiten". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
298. ^ "In Depth | Hiten / Hagoromo". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
299. ^ "In Depth | Hubble Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
300. ^ "HST". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
301. ^ "Hubble Space Telescope | History, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
302. ^ "Ulysses". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
303. ^ "In Depth | Ulysses". NASA Solar System Exploration. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
304. ^ "Ulysses | European-United States space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
305. ^ "Yohkoh". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
306. ^ "Yohkoh | Japanese satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
307. ^ "Mars Observer". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
308. ^ "In Depth | Mars Observer". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
309. ^ "Clementine". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
310. ^ "In Depth | Clementine". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
311. ^ "Clementine | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
312. ^ "Wind". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
313. ^ "In Depth | Wind". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
314. ^ "SOHO". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
315. ^ "In Depth | SOHO". NASA Solar System Exploration. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
316. ^ "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
317. ^ "NEAR Shoemaker". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
318. ^ "In Depth | NEAR Shoemaker". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
319. ^ "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
320. ^ "Mars Global Surveyor". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
321. ^ "In Depth | Mars Global Surveyor". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
322. ^ "Mars 96 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
323. ^ "In Depth | Mars 08/Mars 96". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
324. ^ "Mars Pathfinder". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
325. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
326. ^ "In Depth | Mars Pathfinder". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
327. ^ "ACE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
328. ^ "In Depth | ACE". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
329. ^ "Cassini-Huygens | Facts, Dates, & Images". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
330. ^ "Cassini". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
331. ^ "Huygens". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
332. ^ "Overview | Cassini". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
333. ^ "In Depth | Huygens". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
334. ^ "Lunar Prospector". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
335. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Prospector". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
336. ^ "Nozomi". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
337. ^ "In Depth | Nozomi". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
338. ^ "Deep Space 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
339. ^ "In Depth | Deep Space 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
340. ^ "International Space Station". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. As of November, 1998 the global participants, in addition to the United States, included Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and ESA (Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland).
341. ^ "International Space Station | Facts, Missions, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Aside from the United States and Russia, station construction involved Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 ESA members.
342. ^ "Mars Climate Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
343. ^ "In Depth | Mars Climate Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
344. ^ "Mars Polar Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
345. ^ "Deep Space 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
346. ^ "In Depth | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
347. ^ "Stardust/NExT". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
348. ^ "Stardust Sample Return Capsule". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
349. ^ "In Depth | Stardust". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
350. ^ "2001 Mars Odyssey". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
351. ^ "In Depth | Mars Odyssey". NASA Solar System Exploration. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
352. ^ "Genesis". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
353. ^ "In Depth | Genesis". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
354. ^ "Genesis | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
355. ^ "Genesis". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
356. ^ "CONTOUR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
357. ^ "In Depth | CONTOUR". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
358. ^ "Hayabusa". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
359. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
360. ^ ^{a b} "Hayabusa | Spacecraft, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
361. ^ "Mars Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
362. ^ "Beagle 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
363. ^ "In Depth | Mars Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
364. ^ "In Depth | Beagle 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
365. ^ "Spirit". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
366. ^ "In Depth | Spirit". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
367. ^ "Opportunity". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
368. ^ "In Depth | Opportunity". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
369. ^ "SMART 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
370. ^ "In Depth | SMART-1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
371. ^ "Rosetta". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
372. ^ "Philae". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
373. ^ "In Depth | Rosetta & Philae". NASA Solar System Exploration. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
374. ^ "Rosetta | European Space Agency spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
375. ^ "MESSENGER". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
376. ^ "In Depth | MESSENGER". NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
377. ^ "Messenger | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
378. ^ "Deep Impact/EPOXI". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
379. ^ "Deep Impact Impactor (DII) Vehicle". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
380. ^ "In Depth | Deep Impact (EPOXI)". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
381. ^ "Deep Impact | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
382. ^ "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
383. ^ "In Depth | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
384. ^ "Venus Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
385. ^ "In Depth | Venus Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
386. ^ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
387. ^ "In Depth | New Horizons". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
388. ^ "New Horizons | Discoveries & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
389. ^ Chang, Kenneth (18 July 2015). "The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
390. ^ "Hinode". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
391. ^ "Hinode | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
392. ^ "STEREO A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
393. ^ "STEREO B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
394. ^ "In Depth | STEREO A & B". NASA Solar System Exploration. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
395. ^ "Phoenix Mars Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
396. ^ "In Depth | Phoenix". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
397. ^ "Kaguya". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
398. ^ "Okina". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
399. ^ "Ouna". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
400. ^ "In Depth | Kaguya". NASA Solar System Exploration. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
401. ^ "Dawn". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
402. ^ "In Depth | Dawn". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
403. ^ "Dawn | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
404. ^ "Chang'e 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
405. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
406. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Chang'e | Missions & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
407. ^ "Chandrayaan 1 Lunar Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
408. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
409. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 | Indian space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
410. ^ "Herschel Space Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
411. ^ "In Depth | Herschel". NASA Solar System Exploration. 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
412. ^ "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
413. ^ "Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
414. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
415. ^ "In Depth | LCROSS". NASA Solar System Exploration. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
416. ^ "WISE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
417. ^ "In Depth | WISE/NEOWISE". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
418. ^ "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
419. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
420. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
421. ^ "Akatsuki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
422. ^ "In Depth | Akatsuki". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
423. ^ "Akatsuki | Mission & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
424. ^ "Picard". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
425. ^ "Picard". Picard. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
426. ^ "Chang'e 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
427. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
428. ^ "Juno". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
429. ^ "In Depth | Juno". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
430. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-A (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
431. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-B (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
432. ^ "In Depth | GRAIL". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
433. ^ "Phobos-Grunt". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
434. ^ "Yinghuo-1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
435. ^ "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
436. ^ "In Depth | Curiosity (MSL)". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
437. ^ "Van Allen Probe A (RBSP-A)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
438. ^ "Van Allen Probe B (RBSP-B)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
439. ^ "Van Allen Probes". vanallenprobes.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
440. ^ "Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
441. ^ "Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
442. ^ "In Depth | LADEE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
443. ^ "Hisaki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
444. ^ "Mangalyaan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
445. ^ "In Depth | Mars Orbiter Mission". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
446. ^ "Mars Orbiter Mission | Indian space mission". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
447. ^ "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
448. ^ "In Depth | MAVEN". NASA Solar System Exploration. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
449. ^ "Chang'e 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
450. ^ "Chang'e 3 Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
451. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 3". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
452. ^ "Chang'e 5-T1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
453. ^ "Hayabusa 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
454. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
455. ^ "PROCYON". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
456. ^ "DSCOVR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
457. ^ "In Depth | DSCOVR". NASA Solar System Exploration. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
458. ^ "ExoMars 2016". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
459. ^ "In Depth | ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. December 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
460. ^ "OSIRIS-REx". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
461. ^ "In Depth | OSIRIS-REx". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
462. ^ "InSight". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
463. ^ "In Depth | InSight". NASA Solar System Exploration. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
464. ^ "Queqiao". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
465. ^ "Parker Solar Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
466. ^ "In Depth | Parker Solar Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
467. ^ "BepiColombo". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
468. ^ "In Depth | BepiColombo". NASA Solar System Exploration. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
469. ^ "Chang'e 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
470. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 4". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
471. ^ "Beresheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
472. ^ "In Depth | Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
473. ^ "Chandrayaan 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
474. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
475. ^ "Solar Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
476. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Solar Orbiter". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
477. ^ "ESA - Solar Orbiter". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
478. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
479. ^ "Tianwen 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
480. ^ "MARS 2020". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
481. ^ "In Depth | Mars 2020 Rover". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
482. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover". mars.nasa.gov. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
483. ^ "Chang'e 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
484. ^ "Lucy". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
485. ^ "In Depth | Lucy". NASA Solar System Exploration. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
486. ^ "Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
487. ^ "In Depth | DART". NASA Solar System Exploration. 13 January 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
488. ^ "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
489. ^ "In Depth | James Webb Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
490. ^ "CAPSTONE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
491. ^ "Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
492. ^ "Artemis 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
493. ^ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
494. ^ Foust, Jeff (28 October 2021). "U.A.E. examining options for future human spaceflight missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
495. ^ "MBRSC Teams Up with Japan's ispace on Emirates Lunar Mission". ispace. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
496. ^ "JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
497. ^ "Chandrayaan 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
498. ^ "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
499. ^ "Luna 25". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
500. ^ "Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа" [The launch of the first mission to the Moon in the history of modern Russia was scheduled for August 11]. TASS (in Russian). 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
501. ^ "Aditya-L1". ISRO. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
502. ^ "SLIM". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
503. ^ "SLIM". JAXA. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
504. ^ "NASA Continues Psyche Asteroid Mission". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 24 April 2023.
505. ^ McCrea, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
506. ^ "Status of Nova C (IM-1) Launch Time". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
507. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2024). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
508. ^ "China launches Queqiao-2 relay satellite to support moon missions". Space.com. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
509. ^ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
510. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
511. ^ "Industry starts work on Europe's Hera planetary defence mission". ESA. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
512. ^ "Europa Clipper". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
513. ^ Foust, Jeff (10 February 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
514. ^ "Cost growth prompts changes to Europa Clipper instruments". SpaceNews. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020. Chodas said that Europa Clipper now has a launch readiness date of 2024, a year later than plans announced last year.
515. ^ ^{a b} Brett Tingley (7 January 2025). "SpaceX launch of private Blue Ghost moon lander set for Jan. 15". Space.com. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
516. ^ ^{a b c} Staff, FOX 35 Digital (24 September 2025). "SpaceX launches NASA's IMAP mission from Florida to study solar system's edge". FOX 35 Orlando. Retrieved 27 September 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
517. ^ Mike Wall (14 November 2025). "Next stop, not Mars: What's ahead for NASA's newly launched ESCAPADE Red Planet probes". Space. Retrieved 14 November 2025.
518. ^ "NASA's Artemis II Crew Eclipses Record for Farthest Human Spaceflight - NASA". Retrieved 11 April 2026.

External links

[edit]

• NASA Lunar and Planetary Science
• NASA Solar System Strategic Exploration Plans
• Soviet Lunar, Martian, Venusian and Terrestrial Space Image Catalog
• Comprehensive and interactive graphical history overview by Armchair Astronautics