Tim Groser
Timothy John Groser (born 6 March 1950) is a New Zealand former politician and diplomat. A member of the New Zealand National Party, Groser was a Member of Parliament between 2005 and 2015. He held the offices of Minister of Trade, Minister of Conservation, and Minister for Climate Change in the Fifth National Government. Previously, Groser was a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and served as New Zealand's ambassador to the World Trade Organization from 2002 to 2005 and ambassador to Indonesia from 1994 to 1997. He resigned from Parliament on 19 December 2015 to take up the role of New Zealand's ambassador to the United States of America, which he held from January 2016 until August 2018, when he retired.
Tim Groser | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Groser in 2013 | |
| New Zealand Ambassador to the United States | |
| In office 2016–2018 | |
| Preceded by | Mike Moore |
| Succeeded by | Rosemary Banks |
| 10th Minister of Trade | |
| In office 19 November 2008 – 14 December 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | John Key |
| Preceded by | Phil Goff |
| Succeeded by | Todd McClay |
| 4th Minister for Climate Change Issues | |
| In office 27 January 2010[1] – 14 December 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | John Key |
| Succeeded by | Paula Bennett |
| Minister of Conservation | |
| In office 19 November 2008 – 27 January 2010[1] | |
| Prime Minister | John Key |
| Preceded by | Steve Chadwick |
| Succeeded by | Kate Wilkinson |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament for National Party List | |
| In office 17 September 2005 – 19 December 2015 | |
| Succeeded by | Maureen Pugh |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 March 1950 Perth, Scotland |
| Party | National |
| Spouse | Milda Emza (m. 1996; div.) |
| Relations | John Groser (grandfather)[2] |
Timothy John Groser (born 6 March 1950) is a New Zealand former politician and diplomat. A member of the New Zealand National Party, Groser was a Member of Parliament between 2005 and 2015. He held the offices of Minister of Trade, Minister of Conservation, and Minister for Climate Change in the Fifth National Government.
Previously, Groser was a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and served as New Zealand's ambassador to the World Trade Organization from 2002 to 2005 and ambassador to Indonesia from 1994 to 1997. He resigned from Parliament on 19 December 2015 to take up the role of New Zealand's ambassador to the United States of America, which he held from January 2016 until August 2018, when he retired.
Early life and education
[edit]Groser was born in Perth, Scotland, and came to New Zealand with his parents Antony and Joanna Groser (née Derrill),[3] who were professional actors, in 1958.[4] As a child, Groser acted in radio dramas, on the television soap opera Close to Home, and with the Downstage theatre company in Wellington.[5][6][7] He attended Hutt Valley High School and completed his education at Victoria University of Wellington, where he was a left-wing student activist and president of the university's socialist society.[8][9] By the age of 21, he later claimed, he had changed his allegiance to the National Party.[10] Groser graduated with a degree in economic history and began, but abandoned, a PhD in economics ahead of the birth of his first child.[6]
Career
[edit]For more than thirty years, Groser was a public servant and diplomat. He started as a junior economist with the Treasury before joining the Ministry of Foreign Affairs where he was a negotiator on the Closer Economic Relations free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand. From 1982 to 1984 he was principal foreign policy advisor to prime ministers Robert Muldoon and David Lange. One of Groser's responsibilities under Muldoon was developing a reform to the global monetary system, similar to the Breton Woods agreement, for which Muldoon had been a long advocate.[7][11]
In the 1980s he was posted in Geneva as New Zealand's chief agricultural negotiator in the GATT Uruguay round before being promoted to Chief Negotiator midway through negotiations. The success of this round on New Zealand's export economy led to Groser being nicknamed "the billion-dollar man" for the associated one per cent rise in New Zealand's gross domestic product.[8][12][13] He subsequently became New Zealand's ambassador to Indonesia from 1994 to 1997.[14] As ambassador, Groser was involved in asylum negotiations for five East Timorese men who, in seeking to come to New Zealand, scaled the perimeter of the New Zealand embassy and occupied it for several days and were eventually given asylum in Portugal.[15][16] Groser's mission in Indonesia ended at the beginning of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
Returning to New Zealand, he was chief economic advisor for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and worked on the Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership in 1999, leading the first three negotiation rounds in October and November 1999.[17] He left the ministry at the end of 1999 to be executive director of the Asia 2000 Foundation (now the Asia New Zealand Foundation), a post The Dominion described as "increasingly seen as a career springboard for diplomats".[18] As the head of Asia 2000, Groser stated that the Singapore–New Zealand free trade agreement was "a trojan horse" for "the real negotiating end-game: a possible new trade bloc encompassing all of South East Asia and Australia and New Zealand."[19][20] A free trade agreement between ASEAN nations, Australia, and New Zealand was later negotiated and entered into force in 2010, during Groser's first term as trade minister.[21]
Between 2002 and 2005, Groser returned to Geneva on appointment as New Zealand's Ambassador to the World Trade Organization (WTO). He also served as the chair of the WTO's rules committee from 2002 and chair of its agricultural negotiations committee from 2004.[22] He was heavily involved in the early years of the Doha round of discussions, which are still ongoing "on paper".[23][24] In a 2003 profile in The New Zealand Herald, Groser described his trade negotiations philosophy as being "about intimidation—manipulation towards good ends of course—and building consensus and getting people to see the wood for the trees."[12] Canada's chief agricultural negotiator Steve Verheul credited Groser with securing agreement in principle to the gradual elimination of agricultural export subsidies in 2004.[8]
While receiving praise from senior figures in the Labour government at the time of his appointments to the two WTO chairs,[25][26] Groser's 2005 announcement that he would contest that year's general election for the National Party was met with "anger" from the government. Trade negotiations minister Jim Sutton said he felt a "strong sense of betrayal" from Groser's decision and asked for Groser's resignation as ambassador. Prime minister Helen Clark called for Groser to be removed from his WTO chairs, which were separate to his ambassadorship.[13][27][28] Groser resigned his ambassadorship in May 2005 but continued as WTO agriculture chair until the government officially removed its support of him after the conclusion of agriculture meetings in July.
Member of Parliament
[edit]| Years | Term | Electorate | List | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005–2008 | 48th | List | 13 | National | |
| 2008–2011 | 49th | List | 15 | National | |
| 2011–2014 | 50th | List | 12 | National | |
| 2014–2015 | 51st | List | 14 | National | |
In 2005, Groser opted to leave the public service and run for Parliament, stating that being a member of Parliament had been a job he had coveted for thirty years.[29] He was selected to stand as a list-only candidate for the National Party in the 2005 election and placed 13th on the list, the highest newcomer. As a serving diplomat and senior public servant, Groser's decision to become a politician was controversial.[13][28] Columnist Fran O'Sullivan wrote that the Labour Party's prime minister and trade minister were upset because they had mistakenly believed Groser to have been a supporter of their own party.[30] Groser said he had supported National since he was 21 and that he was encouraged to stand for election by both a senior minister from another country's government and by National Party president Judy Kirk.[10] New Zealand Herald reporter Audrey Young claimed Groser was recruited specifically to be trade minister in a Don Brash-led National government.[31]
On 17 September 2005, National won 39.1% of the party vote and Groser was comfortably elected as a list MP. In parliament, he generally held liberal views, especially on trade. In his maiden speech, delivered on 15 November 2005, he stated his "view of politics [is one] that does not deny the importance of social change—provided it is examined critically and not adopted like some transitory fashion item—and seeks to put the primary, not the sole, emphasis for individual social and economic outcomes on the individual, and not transfer that responsibility to the State."[9] In his 2011 delivery of the Ralph Hanan lecture, Groser further set out his views that "trade is about specialisation ... the heart and soul of productivity growth, which in turn is the key to the elimination of absolute poverty."[32] Politically, Groser supported the National Party being more centrist than right-leaning.[33] In personal votes, Groser opposed raising the age for purchasing alcohol from 18 to 20 in 2006, saying he did not think an age-change would solve alcohol issues in New Zealand,[34][35] but changed his position to support that proposal when it reemerged in 2012.[36] He opposed, like all National MPs, the introduction of a medical cannabis regime in 2009[37] but voted in support of legalising same-sex marriage in 2013.[38]
National did not win the 2005 election and Groser was appointed the opposition spokesperson for arts, culture and heritage and associate spokesperson for foreign affairs and trade in the Brash shadow cabinet.[39] He accompanied Labour Party trade minister Jim Sutton on a trade delegation to Hong Kong soon after the election and Sutton's successor, Phil Goff, on a delegation to the United States in 2006.[40][41] From 2006, in the Key shadow cabinet, he was spokesperson for trade and associate spokesperson for finance.[42] He sat on the foreign affairs, defence and trade committee from 2005 until 2008.[39] In 2007, he denied having used cannabis while posted as ambassador to Indonesia, which has very strict drug laws, but admitted to using cannabis earlier in his life.[43]
In the 2008, 2011 and 2014 general elections, Groser ran for National in the safe Labour seat of New Lynn. Fellow National list MP Christopher Finlayson would later write in his memoir that Groser was worried he would one day win the seat;[44] Groser lost each election by an average of 4,590 votes but was re-elected each time as a list MP. After serving as trade minister in the Fifth National Government for seven years, Groser resigned from Parliament in December 2015 to serve as New Zealand's ambassador to the United States, which had been described by media for several months as a "widely expected" appointment.[45][46][47] He left Parliament on 19 December 2015 without delivering a valedictory statement.[48]
Minister in the Fifth National Government
[edit]Groser was appointed Minister of Trade, Minister of Conservation, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister Responsible for International Climate Change Negotiations in November 2008.[49] He relinquished the conservation portfolio in January 2010, citing workload issues and amid criticisms that he was disinterested in the portfolio,[50][51][52] and succeeded Nick Smith as Minister for Climate Change Issues in 2012.[53] He held his post as trade minister until his retirement from Parliament in December 2015.[47]
Groser made international headlines in late 2012 when he said that the New Zealand Government would not sign up for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.[54][55] Groser said the 15-year-old agreement was outdated, and that New Zealand was "ahead of the curve" in looking for a replacement that would include developing nations.[56] Groser attended the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-18) in Doha and 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-21) in Paris, where New Zealand undertook further climate change commitments, including the Paris Agreement.[57][58][59]
In December 2012, the New Zealand Government announced that it was supporting Groser's bid to become the next Director-General of the World Trade Organization, a position which became vacant at the end of May 2013 with the retirement of Pascal Lamy.[60] Groser's bid was eventually unsuccessful and the Brazilian diplomat Roberto Azevêdo was elected as the Director-General of the WTO in May 2013.[61] On 22 March 2015, The Intercept news website claimed that New Zealand's signals intelligence agency, the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), had spied on other WTO directorship contenders on behalf of Groser using the XKeyscore mass surveillance system. Known targets included candidates from Brazil, Costa Rica, Ghana, Jordan, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, and South Korea.[62][63]
The spying was confirmed to have taken place, and to have been approved by Groser, in an inquiry led by the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security, Cheryl Gwyn, in 2017. Gwyn's report said that the government had determined Groser's leadership of the WTO would "have a significant impact on New Zealand's economic well-being" and therefore endorsed his candidacy as an explicit "foreign policy decision". This enabled the government to ask the GCSB to gather intelligence to support Groser's campaign. The use of GCSB services was offered to Groser by the GCSB Director-General, Ian Fletcher, and accepted by Groser. Gwyn's report criticised the GCSB's record-keeping on this operation but said that it was not unlawful nor an improper use of resources.[64][65][66] The report, and law enabling the use of spying, was criticised by Labour leader Andrew Little and media.[67]
As trade minister, Groser was responsible for negotiations over the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement, which New Zealand eventually ratified in 2017. In July 2015, Groser said he believed reasonable people were being "whipped up into a frenzy" over issues like pharmaceutical costs and investor-state dispute settlement by people who, for ideological reasons, opposed the agreement.[68] In interviews given after his ministerial career, Groser said that the TPP was the achievement he was most proud of during his time as trade minister.[59][69]
Despite no official announcement having been made, New Zealand media reported in early 2015 that Groser was "widely expected" to replace Mike Moore as ambassador to the United States.[45][46] This was confirmed by prime minister John Key on 7 December 2015, with Groser relinquishing his roles on 14 December.[70] Groser took up his post as ambassador in early 2016.[47] He was succeeded as trade minister by former diplomat Todd McClay and as climate change minister by Paula Bennett. Maureen Pugh filled Groser's list vacancy in Parliament.[70]
Post-parliamentary life
[edit]Groser resigned from Parliament on 19 December 2015 to take up the role of New Zealand's ambassador to the United States of America. He served a three-year appointment until August 2018. Foreign affairs minister Winston Peters denied that Groser had been recalled, stating that Groser had not sought an extension to his three-year term as ambassador. According to Stuff, the now Labour-led government was unhappy with Groser's failure in securing an exemption from the Trump Administration's steel tariffs.[71] He was succeeded by career diplomat Rosemary Banks.[72]
Back in New Zealand, Groser established a trade consultancy firm in 2019.[73][74] On 10 July 2023, he welcomed New Zealand's recently signed free trade agreement with the European Union, stating that the "deal is more valuable strategically and politically than economically for the EU bloc, and helps New Zealand diversify away from China."[75]
Personal life
[edit]Groser has been married three times and has three children.[8] He converted to Islam to marry Milda Emza, an Indonesian Muslim and his second wife, in 1996, during his tenure as ambassador to Indonesia.[43]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "John Key announces Cabinet reshuffle". The New Zealand Herald. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ Venter, Nick (28 May 2005). "Master of Compromise". The Dominion Post. Wellington. p. B5.
- ^ Cardy, Tom (18 April 2002). "An unseen hand in Kiwi drama". The Evening Post. p. 7.
- ^ "Who is Tim Groser". New Lynn Nats. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ Langford, Amelia (27 December 2015). "Meet the Newsmaker: Tim Groser". RNZ. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Diplomatic Connections". www.diplomaticconnections.com. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b Roughan, John (5 November 2008). "A word with... Tim Groser". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Ventner, Nick (28 May 2005). "Master of compromise". The Dominion Post. p. 5.
- ^ a b "Groser, Tim: Address in Reply – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b Young, Audrey (11 July 2005). "Tim Groser, National party, List". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Rowen, Hobart (25 February 1984). "New Zealand's Monetary Gadfly". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b O'Sullivan, Fran (29 August 2003). "Actor in global trade spotlight". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "Editorial: Diplomat victim of realpolitik". The New Zealand Herald. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Bennett, Adam (14 April 2012). "Indonesian visit by Key indicates fresh focus". The New Zealand Herald.
- ^ Herald, NZ (13 April 2012). "Indonesian visit by Key indicates fresh focus". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Bell, Cathie (15 January 1996). "Timorese to leave NZ embassy". The Dominion. p. 1.
- ^ New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "From the CEP to CPTPP". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Main, Victoria (15 December 1999). "Diplomat for Asia 2000". The Dominion. p. 2.
- ^ Rosenberg, Bill (5 October 2000). "Singapore Agreement: A Trojan Horse for investment". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Laugesen, Ruth (19 March 2000). "Singapore deal trojan horse for bigger goal". Sunday Star-Times. p. C2.
- ^ "The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA)". www.mfat.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Tim Grocer: Biography" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Fran (16 September 2009). "Praise for Grocer over Doha". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "Is WTO's MC12 paving the way for new trade negotiations?". www.twn.my. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Kiwi to chair WTO committee". The Dominion. 19 February 2002. p. 2.
- ^ "WTO post". The Dominion. 19 February 2004. p. 5.
- ^ Kay, Martin (23 May 2005). "Trade leader signs up for Nats". The Dominion Post. p. 1.
- ^ a b Kay, Martin (24 May 2005). "PM wants Nats' new man out of WTO role". The Dominion Post. p. 2.
- ^ Young, Audrey (23 May 2005). "Top diplomat leaves job to join National". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Fran (24 May 2005). "Labour's tribalism far from rational". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Young, Audrey (6 April 2007). "Expletive clears the smoke for 'Cigar Man'". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Groser, Tim (26 October 2011). "Address to the Ralph Hanan Memorial Lecture". www.beehive.govt.nz. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Berry, Ruth (29 January 2007). "Up the ranks: Speech-making takes on a different hue for former trade diplomat". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Houlahan, Mike (9 November 2006). "Review sinks drink-age bill". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Houlahan, Mike (8 November 2006). "Drinking age stays at 18, review announced [+audio]". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Hartevelt, John (30 August 2012). "Status quo: Drinking age stays at 18". Stuff. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill — First Reading – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Gay marriage: How MPs voted". The New Zealand Herald. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Groser, Tim – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ NZPA (3 April 2006). "Former prime ministers to lead delegation to the US". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Taylor, Kevin (29 November 2005). "Reversal by Sutton on Groser 'betrayal' remark". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Key announces his shadow cabinet". The New Zealand Herald. 1 December 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ a b Young, Audrey (5 August 2007). "Key accepts high-flyer's promise he never smoked dope as ambassador". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Clifton, Jane (15 August 2022). "Key witness". New Zealand Listener. pp. 18–21.
- ^ a b Rutherford, Hamish (20 June 2015). "Moore 'on leave' as US ambassador". The Press. p. A9. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Former PM Moore in US hospital after stroke". The New Zealand Herald. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c Davison, Isaac (7 December 2015). "Groser out, Collins back in reshuffle". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Finlayson, Christopher: Debate on Prime Minister's Statement – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Key's Government – New Zealand News". The New Zealand Herald. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Tolley loses portfolio to focus on national standards". RNZ. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Espiner, Colin (7 November 2009). "Key by name and direction". The Press. p. C5.
[Groser] is more focused on his trade portfolio than conservation – could probably pass the latter on to someone else.
- ^ Williams, David (1 August 2009). "Greens upset at National snub of bill". The Press. p. A15.
[Metiria] Turei was furious that Fisheries Minister Phil Heatley told her National would not support the bill, calling Tim Groser the "less than engaged" Minister of Conservation.
- ^ Young, Audrey (2 April 2012). "Tremain, Bridges promoted in Cabinet reshuffle". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ NZN/RadioLIVE (12 November 2012). "Key defends 'no' to Kyoto Protocol". TV3 News NZ.[dead link]
- ^ Vernon Small (9 November 2012). "Government 'turns its back' on Kyoto commitment". Stuff/Fairfax.
- ^ "Groser defends quitting Kyoto Protocol". 3 News NZ. 3 December 2012.
- ^ "New Zealand and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". Ministry for the Environment. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Doha Climate Conference – Looking to the Long Term | Beehive.govt.nz". www.beehive.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ a b Morton, Jamie (11 December 2015). "Groser: I'll be gobsmacked if climate deal fails". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "PM supports Tim Groser's WTO bid". New Zealand National Party. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
- ^ "Groser misses out on top WTO job". 3News. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ Fisher, David (23 March 2015). "GCSB spies monitored diplomats in line for World Trade Organization job". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ Gallagher, Ryan; Hager, Nicky (22 March 2015). "New Zealand Spied on WTO Director Candidates". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Inquiry into GCSB's process for determining its foreign intelligence activity 2017". Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Gwyn, Cheryl (June 2017). Report into Government Communications Security Bureau's process for determining its foreign intelligence activity (PDF) (Report).
- ^ Fisher, David (19 June 2017). "Revealed: GCSB spied on Groser job rivals". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Editorial: Spies should not help a politician's bid for a job at the WTO". Stuff. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Trade Minister: Anti-TPP activists 'politically irrelevant'". 3 News. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017.
- ^ Langford, Amelia (27 December 2015). "Meet the Newsmaker: Tim Groser". RNZ. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b Small, Vernon (7 December 2015). "Groser makes way for Collins' return". The Press. p. A1. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Tim Groser coming home, ending term as Ambassador to US". Newshub. 5 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ Young, Audrey (13 September 2018). "Winston Peters names next ambassador to US". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Manawatu Guardian (25 September 2023). "Free analysis on NZ-UK Trade Agreement on offer". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Groser & Associates". opencorporates.com. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "EU free trade agreement signing: Former National trade minister Tim Groser 'very pleased'". Radio New Zealand. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Portions of this article are based on public domain text from The National Party.
External links
[edit]
- Profile at New Zealand Parliament
- Releases and speeches at Beehive.govt.nz
