Suba language

Suba
Native to	Kenya
Region	eastern shore Lake Victoria, Mfangano Island, Rusinga Island
Ethnicity	Abasuba
Native speakers	140,000 (2009 census)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Northeast Bantu Great Lakes Bantu East Nyanza Nyanza Mara Suba
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sxb
Glottolog	suba1238
Guthrie code	JE.403 (shared w Suba-Simbiti)[2]
ELP	Suba

Kisuba, also known as Olusuba, is a Bantu language spoken by the Suba people of Kenya. The language features an extensive noun-classification system using prefixes that address gender and number. Suba clans are located on the eastern shore and islands of Lake Victoria in Kenya and Tanzania. They have formed alliances with neighboring clans, such as the Luo people, via intermarriages, and as a result a majority of Suba people are bilingual in Dholuo. The Suba religion has an ancient polytheistic history that includes writings of diverse, ancestral spirits. A recent revival of the Suba language and its culture has influenced the increasing number of native speakers each year.

Suba is an African language spoken by the Sub-Saharan people on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria. Trade dependence was established in the mid-19th century between the Suba people and the Luo, a larger neighboring clan. After a period of interaction, both clans became accustomed to each other's traditions and practices. Eventually, through factors such as intermarriage, education, and religion, both clans would combine and become known as the Luo-Suba. With Luo being the larger population, the alliance would decrease the demand for people to speak Suba, and in consequence, decreasing the number of native Suban speakers. Most Suban speakers became bilingual in both Suba and Luo.^[3] In the mid-1990s, a revival of the Suba language occurred after the Kenyan government initiated the Suba language project, where Suba was introduced as a subject in Kenyan primary schools.^[4] In addition, many written examples of the Suban language have been studied through ancient Suban religious texts. These texts depict a detailed polytheistic religion that describes spirits of ancient ancestors as protectors of family and land.^[5] Presently, Christianity is the major religion practiced by the Suban people, where in 2010, the New Testament was translated into Suba.

The Suba language and its native speakers are located on the African eastern shores of Lake Victoria, populating both Kenya and Tanzania. Additionally, Suban natives are located on various islands within Lake Victoria.^[6]

Suban grammar and its characteristics are similar to other Bantu languages.

Suba, being a Bantu language, consists of a Bantu phonology typical of other Bantu languages. In general, Suba consists of 11 consonants and 7 vowels. Constants only occur at the beginning of syllables, creating a syllable structure of V or CV. Syllables can begin with vowels but always need to end in them. Suban syllables also consist of two different tones, low and high. A high tone is marked with an acute accent (´), and a low is marked with a grave accent (`) or not marked at all. Low tones are more common in the Suban language.^{[citation needed]}

Its extensive noun classification system uses prefixing to mark gender and number, in turn determining whether the noun is singular or plural.^[7]

An important characteristic of Suban word structure is its ability to change number and meanings of words through minor changes to their words' prefixes. The prefix of a noun denotes the noun class and number to a noun, making a noun without a prefix meaningless. Most Bantu noun classification systems contain 22 noun classes, accommodating singular and plural forms as two separate noun classes. Instead, Suba contains ten noun classes by combining singular and plural forms into the same noun classes. Similarities in nominal and pronominal prefixes determine what noun belongs to what noun class. By establishing a smaller noun class, the Suba language can use a less extensive prefixing system to change the meaning and plurality of words. In addition, the meaning of the root noun can fluctuate depending on the prefix used, specifically seen in pronouns. The usual word order for the Suba language is SVO, similar to English and other Bantu languages. Adjectives and number roots must agree in noun class and number with the nouns they act on.^[7]

Suba noun class
	Class	Singular	Gloss	Plural	Gloss
1	Mu-wa	o-mwana	baby	a-wana	babies
2	Mu-mi	o-muti	tree	e-miti	trees
3	n-n	e-ngoko	hen	e-ngoko	hens
4	ki-bi	e-kitabu	a book	e-bitabu	books
5	li-ma	i-toke	banana	amatoke	bananas
6	ka-bu	ka-nafu	laziness	ba-nafu	laziness
7	lu-n	o-lusuba	olusuba	-----------	-----------
8	gu-ga	gu-bwa	bad dog	gu-bwa	bad dog
9	ku-ma	ku-tumbula	to boast	ma-tumbula	to boast
10	tu	tu-baka	a little sheep	--------------	------------

Suba pronouns[8]
Pronoun	Subjective singular	Gloss	Subjective plural	Gloss	Objective singular	Gloss	Objective plural	Gloss
1st person	inze	I	ifue	we	ifue	me	ifwe	us
2nd person	iwue	you	mbaaria	you	iwue	you	muri	you
3rd person	iyie	he	awu	they	ekiae	him	iwo	them
3rd person	iyie	she	awu	they	ekiae	her	iwo	them
3rd person	kiri	it	ekiae	they	ekiae	it	ekiawu	them

The Suba writing system is based on the Latin script.^[9] The use of Latin script has made it easier for Suban people to practice Christianity and translate verses of biblical texts. The Suba numeral system also has Latin descent as it uses lower order to establish higher order. With Suba being one of the marginalized Bantu languages of Kenya, much more description of the language still needs to be studied.

Latin alphabet
Uppercase	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Lowercase	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

Suba numeral system[10]
Number	Reading	Meaning	Number	Reading	Meaning
1	endala	1	11	ikumi ne endala	10+1
2	iwiri	2	12	ikumi ni iwiri	10+2
3	isatu	3	13	ikumi ni isatu	10+3
4	ine	4	14	ikumi ni ine	10+4
5	itaanu	5	15	ikumi ni itaanu	10+5
6	mukaago	6	16	ikumi ni mukaaga	10+6
7	musamvu	7	17	ikumi ni musamvu	10+7
8	munaane	8	18	ikumi ni munaane	10+8
9	kienda	9	19	ikumi ná kienda	10+9
10	ikumi	10	20	amakumi awiri	20