String group

In topology, a branch of mathematics, a string group is an infinite-dimensional group String ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {String} (n)} introduced by Stolz (1996) as a 3 {\displaystyle 3} -connected cover of a spin group. A string manifold is a manifold with a lifting of its frame bundle to a string group bundle. This means that in addition to being able to define holonomy along paths, one can also define holonomies for surfaces going between strings. There is a short exact sequence of topological groups

0 → K ( Z , 2 ) → String ⁡ ( n ) → Spin ⁡ ( n ) → 0 {\displaystyle 0\rightarrow {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)}\rightarrow \operatorname {String} (n)\rightarrow \operatorname {Spin} (n)\rightarrow 0}

where K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} is an Eilenberg–MacLane space and Spin ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} (n)} is a spin group. The string group is an entry in the Whitehead tower (dual to the notion of Postnikov tower) for the orthogonal group:

⋯ → Fivebrane ⁡ ( n ) → String ⁡ ( n ) → Spin ⁡ ( n ) → SO ⁡ ( n ) → O ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \cdots \rightarrow \operatorname {Fivebrane} (n)\to \operatorname {String} (n)\rightarrow \operatorname {Spin} (n)\rightarrow \operatorname {SO} (n)\rightarrow \operatorname {O} (n)}

It is obtained by killing the π 3 {\displaystyle \pi _{3}} homotopy group for Spin ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} (n)} , in the same way that Spin ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} (n)} is obtained from SO ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SO} (n)} by killing π 1 {\displaystyle \pi _{1}} . The resulting manifold cannot be any finite-dimensional Lie group, since all finite-dimensional compact Lie groups have a non-vanishing π 3 {\displaystyle \pi _{3}} . The fivebrane group follows, by killing π 7 {\displaystyle \pi _{7}} .

More generally, the construction of the Postnikov tower via short exact sequences starting with Eilenberg–MacLane spaces can be applied to any Lie group G, giving the string group String(G).

The relevance of the Eilenberg–MacLane space K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} lies in the fact that there are the homotopy equivalences

K ( Z , 1 ) ≃ U ( 1 ) ≃ B Z {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,1)\simeq U(1)\simeq B\mathbb {Z} }

for the classifying space B Z {\displaystyle B\mathbb {Z} } , and the fact K ( Z , 2 ) ≃ B U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)\simeq BU(1)} . Notice that because the complex spin group is a group extension

0 → K ( Z , 1 ) → Spin C ⁡ ( n ) → Spin ⁡ ( n ) → 0 {\displaystyle 0\to K(\mathbb {Z} ,1)\to \operatorname {Spin} ^{\mathbb {C} }(n)\to \operatorname {Spin} (n)\to 0}

the String group can be thought of as a "higher" complex spin group extension, in the sense of higher group theory since the space K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} is an example of a higher group. It can be thought of the topological realization of the groupoid B U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} U(1)} whose object is a single point and whose morphisms are the group U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} . Note that the homotopical degree of K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} is 2 {\displaystyle 2} , meaning its homotopy is concentrated in degree 2 {\displaystyle 2} , because it comes from the homotopy fiber of the map

String ⁡ ( n ) → Spin ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {String} (n)\to \operatorname {Spin} (n)}

from the Whitehead tower whose homotopy cokernel is K ( Z , 3 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,3)} . This is because the homotopy fiber lowers the degree by 1 {\displaystyle 1} .

The geometry of String bundles requires the understanding of multiple constructions in homotopy theory,^[1] but they essentially boil down to understanding what K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} -bundles are, and how these higher group extensions behave. Namely, K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} -bundles on a space M {\displaystyle M} are represented geometrically as bundle gerbes since any K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} -bundle can be realized as the homotopy fiber of a map giving a homotopy square

P → ∗ ↓ ↓ M → K ( Z , 3 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}P&\to &*\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\M&\xrightarrow {} &K(\mathbb {Z} ,3)\end{matrix}}}

where K ( Z , 3 ) = B ( K ( Z , 2 ) ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,3)=B(K(\mathbb {Z} ,2))} . Then, a string bundle S → M {\displaystyle S\to M} must map to a spin bundle S → M {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} \to M} which is K ( Z , 2 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,2)} -equivariant, analogously to how spin bundles map equivariantly to the frame bundle.

The fivebrane group can similarly be understood^[2] by killing the π 7 ( Spin ⁡ ( n ) ) ≅ π 7 ( O ⁡ ( n ) ) {\displaystyle \pi _{7}(\operatorname {Spin} (n))\cong \pi _{7}(\operatorname {O} (n))} group of the string group String ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {String} (n)} using the Whitehead tower. It can then be understood again using an exact sequence of higher groups

0 → K ( Z , 6 ) → Fivebrane ⁡ ( n ) → String ⁡ ( n ) → 0 {\displaystyle 0\to K(\mathbb {Z} ,6)\to \operatorname {Fivebrane} (n)\to \operatorname {String} (n)\to 0}

giving a presentation of Fivebrane ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Fivebrane} (n)} it terms of an iterated extension, i.e. an extension by K ( Z , 6 ) {\displaystyle K(\mathbb {Z} ,6)} by String ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {String} (n)} . Note map on the right is from the Whitehead tower, and the map on the left is the homotopy fiber.

• Gerbe
• N-group (category theory)
• Elliptic cohomology
• String bordism

• Henriques, André G.; Douglas, Christopher L.; Hill, Michael A. (2011), "Homological obstructions to string orientations", Int. Math. Res. Notices, 18: 4074–4088, arXiv:0810.2131, Bibcode:2008arXiv0810.2131D
• Wockel, Christoph; Sachse, Christoph; Nikolaus, Thomas (2013), "A Smooth Model for the String Group", International Mathematics Research Notices, 2013 (16): 3678–3721, arXiv:1104.4288, Bibcode:2011arXiv1104.4288N, doi:10.1093/imrn/rns154
• Stolz, Stephan (1996), "A conjecture concerning positive Ricci curvature and the Witten genus", Mathematische Annalen, 304 (4): 785–800, doi:10.1007/BF01446319, ISSN 0025-5831, MR 1380455, S2CID 123359573
• Stolz, Stephan; Teichner, Peter (2004), "What is an elliptic object?" (PDF), Topology, geometry and quantum field theory, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., vol. 308, Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–343, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511526398.013, ISBN 9780521540490, MR 2079378

• Baez, J. (2007), Higher Gauge Theory and the String Group
• From Loop Groups to 2-groups - gives a characterization of String(n) as a 2-group
• string group at the nLab
• Whitehead tower at the nLab
• What is an elliptic object?