Smart material
Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds. Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs).
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Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials,[1][page needed] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.[2][3] Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs).[4][page needed][5][page needed][6][page needed][7][page needed][8][page needed][9][page needed]
Types
[edit]There are a wide array of smart materials, each classified by its functional mechanism. Examples include:
Electromechanical:
- Piezoelectric materials can produce a voltage when mechanical stress is applied. This effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage applied across the material will produce mechanical stress within sample. Therefore structures made from these materials can be designed to bend, expand, or contract when a voltage is applied.
- Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume with applied electrical stimulation.
- Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) when an external voltage is applied.
Magnetic Responsive:
- Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in volume when exposed to a magnetic field and when mechanically stressed can produce a magnetic field of its own.
- Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.
- Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids composed of suspended nanoscale ferromagnetic particles that are affected by magnetic fields.
- Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
Shape Memory:
- Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and the original shape recovered through temperature or stress changes (pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures. A common example is nitinol.
- Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
Chromogenic: A color change in response to electrical, optical, or thermal stimuli.
- Electrochromic materials, which change their color or opacity with applied voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays)
- Thermochromic materials change in color depending on their temperature.
- Photochromic materials change color in response to light (e.g., transition sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight).
- Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
Stimuli Responsive:
- Temperature-responsive polymers are materials that changes in response to temperature.
- pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes.[10]
- Chemoresponsive materials change their physical properties such as optical properties, size, volume, shape, electrical conductivity, and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity with the exposure of external chemical or biological compounds.[11][12]
- Smart inorganic polymers showing tunable and responsive properties.
Energy Conversion:
- Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.
- Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa.
Optically Driven Mechanical Responsive:
- Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
Self Repairing:
- Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.
See also
[edit]- Smart polymer
- Programmable matter
- Sensors
- Actuators
- Artificial muscles
- Thermally induced shape-memory effect (polymers)
- Covalent adaptable networks / Vitrimers
References
[edit]- ^ Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move: smart materials, intelligent design. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-76888-5.
- ^ Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics: Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics. 867 230038. Bibcode:2023Tectp.86730038B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951.
- ^ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853.
- ^ Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jorg, eds. (2007). Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of smart materials. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-17780-7.
- ^ Nakanishi, Takashi (2011). Supramolecular soft matter: applications in materials and organic electronics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-55974-1.
- ^ Gaudenzi, Paolo (2009). Smart structures: physical behaviour, mathematical modelling and applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1.
- ^ Janocha, Hartmut (2007). Adaptronics and smart structures: basics, materials, design, and applications (2nd, revised ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel (2009). Smart materials. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-4372-3.
- ^ Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M (2022). "Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (7): 3665. doi:10.3390/ijms23073665. PMC 8998863. PMID 35409025.
- ^ Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420
- ^ Schneider, Hans-Jörg, ed. Chemoresponsive materials: smart materials for chemical and biological stimulation. Vol. 40. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022.
External links
[edit]- Smart Materials Book Series, Royal Society of Chemistry
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