Shielded cable

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A shielded cable or screened cable is an electrical cable that has a common conductive layer around its conductors for electromagnetic shielding.^[1] This shield is usually covered by an outermost layer of the cable. Common types of cable shielding can most broadly be categorized as foil type (often utilizing a metallised film), contraspiralling wire strands (braided or unbraided) or both.^[2] A longitudinal wire may be necessary with dielectric spiral foils to short out each turn.^[1]

The shield acts as a Faraday cage – a surface that reflects electromagnetic radiation. This reduces both the interference from outside noise onto the signals and the signals from radiating out and potentially disturbing other devices (see electromagnetic compatibility). To be effective against electric fields (see also capacitive coupling), the shield must be grounded.^[3] The shield should be electrically continuous to maximize effectiveness, including any cable splices. For high frequency signals (above a few megahertz), this extends to connectors and enclosures, also circumferentially: The cable shielding needs to be circumferentially connected to the enclosure, if any, through the connector or cable gland.^[1][4][5]

Some types of shielded cable use the shield as the return path for the signal. As contrasting examples, coaxial cable does, whereas twinax cable does not.

High voltage power cables with solid insulation are shielded to protect the cable insulation, people and equipment.

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There are several forms of cable shielding, each offering different levels of electromagnetic interference suppression, mechanical flexibility, and durability depending on the application.

Combination shields use more than one shielding method, most commonly a foil shield combined with a metallic braid. The foil provides high-frequency electromagnetic interference suppression, while the braid improves mechanical strength and low-frequency shielding effectiveness.

Foil shields consist of a thin layer of aluminium or copper bonded to a polymer film. They provide near-complete coverage and are effective against high-frequency electromagnetic interference. A drain wire is often included to ensure reliable grounding.

Metallic braid shields are formed from interwoven copper or aluminium strands. They offer good flexibility and durability and are particularly effective at low and medium frequencies, though coverage is not complete.

Spiral shields are constructed by helically winding one or more conductive wires around the cable core. This design provides good flexibility and is easier to terminate than braided shields. However, spiral shields may be less effective at higher frequencies due to gaps between adjacent turns, which can reduce shielding continuity.

Serve shields consist of multiple fine wires helically wrapped around the cable core in the same direction. Compared to single-wire spiral shields, serve shields improve coverage while maintaining flexibility. They are commonly used in audio and low-frequency signal cables where repeated flexing is expected.

Tape shields are formed from metallic tapes, typically copper or aluminium, applied longitudinally or helically around the cable insulation. Tape shielding is widely used in medium- and high-voltage power cables, where it helps control electric field stress, provides a path for fault currents, and protects cable insulation from electrical degradation.

Screen shields refer to conductive layers applied over insulated conductors, usually made of copper tape, copper wires, or conductive polymer materials. In power cables, screen shields are primarily used to equalize the electric field around the conductor and reduce electrical stress rather than to suppress electromagnetic interference.

The use of shielded cables in security systems provides some protection from power frequency and radio frequency interference, reducing the number of false alarms being generated. The best practice is to keep data or signal cables physically separated by at least 3 inches (75mm) from 'heavy' power circuits which are in parallel.

Analog signal cable used in professional audio applications is usually shielded twisted pair cable terminated in XLR connectors. The twisted pair carries the signal in a balanced audio configuration. The audio multicore cable laid from the stage to the mixing console is also shielded.

Consumers use screened copper wire with one central conductor in an unbalanced configuration.

The best way to wire shielded cables for screening is to ground the shield at both ends of the cable.^[6] Traditionally there existed a rule of thumb to ground only the source end of the shield to avoid ground loops. Best practice is to ground at both ends, but there is a possibility of ground loops. In airplanes, special cable is used with both an outer shield to protect against lightning and an inner shield grounded at one end to eliminate hum from the 400 Hz power system.^[7]

Medium and high-voltage power cables, in circuits over 2000 volts, usually have a shield layer of copper or aluminium tape or conducting polymer. If an unshielded insulated cable is in contact with earth or a grounded object, the electrostatic field around the conductor will be concentrated at the contact point, resulting in corona discharge, and eventual destruction of the insulation. Leakage current and capacitive current through the insulation presents a danger of electrical shock. The grounded shield equalizes electrical stress around the conductor, diverts any leakage current to ground. Stress relief cones should be applied at the shield ends, especially for cables operating at more than 2 kV to earth.

Shields on power cables may be connected to earth ground at each shield end and at splices for redundancy to prevent shock even though induced current will flow in the shield. This current will produce losses and heating and will reduce the maximum current rating of the circuit. Tests show that having a bare grounding conductor adjacent to the insulated wires will conduct the fault current to earth more quickly. On high-current circuits the shields might be connected only at one end. On very long high-voltage circuits, the shield may be broken into several sections since a long shield run may rise to dangerous voltages during a circuit fault. There is a risk of shock hazard from having only one end of the shield grounded. The maximum recommended shield potential rise is 25 volts.^{[citation needed]} IEEE 422 and 525 lists the cable lengths that would limit shield potential to 25 volts for a single point ground application.^[8][9][10]

• Electromagnetic shielding
• Speaker wire
• Door loop, a method for mechanically protecting electric cabling to a door

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