Secure Network Programming

Secure Network Programming (SNP) is a prototype of the first Secure Sockets Layer, designed and built in 1993 by the Networking Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, led by Simon S. Lam.

This work was published in the 1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference.^[1][2] For this project, the authors won the 2004 ACM Software System Award.

Simon S. Lam was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) for "inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993."^[3][4]

This work began in 1991 as a theoretical investigation by the Networking Research Laboratory on the formal meaning of a protocol layer satisfying an upper interface specification as a service provider and a lower interface specification as a service consumer.^[5] A case study of adding a security layer between the application and network layers was presented.^[6]

The Networking Research Laboratory received a grant from the National Security Agency in June 1991 to investigate how to apply their theory of modules and interfaces to security verification.^[7] At that time, there were three well-known authentication systems built (MIT's Kerberos) or being developed (DEC's SPX and IBM's KryptoKnight). All of these systems suffered from a common drawback; namely, they did not export a clean and easy-to-use interface that could be readily used by Internet applications. For example, it would take a tremendous amount of effort to "kerberize" an existing distributed application.

Toward the goal of "secure network programming for the masses", the inventors of SNP conceived secure sockets as a high-level abstraction suitable for securing Internet applications. In 1993, they designed and built a prototype of SNP. Designed as an application sublayer on top of sockets, SNP provides a user interface closely resembling sockets. This resemblance was by design so that security could be retrofitted into existing socket programs with only minor modifications. Also, with such a sublayer carefully designed and its implementation thoroughly debugged, it can be easily used by any Internet application that uses sockets for end-to-end communications. This is a natural idea in hindsight but, in 1993, it was novel and a major departure from mainstream network security research at that time.

SNP's secure sockets support both stream and datagram semantics with security guarantees (i.e., data origin authenticity, data destination authenticity, data integrity, and data confidentiality). The modular architecture and many of the ideas and design choices in SNP can be found in subsequent secure sockets layers, including: placing authenticated communication endpoints in the application layer, use of public-key cryptography for authentication, a handshake protocol for establishing session state including a shared secret, use of symmetric-key cryptography for data confidentiality, and managing contexts and credentials in the secure sockets layer.

The paper presented on June 8, 1994, at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference^[1] includes the system design together with performance measurement results from the prototype implementation to clearly demonstrate the practicality of a secure sockets layer.

SNP pioneered secure sockets for Internet applications in general, independently and concurrently with the design and development of the HTTP protocol for the world-wide web which was still in its infancy in 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers (SSL by Netscape and TLS by IETF), implemented several years later using the architecture and key ideas first presented in SNP, enabled secure e-commerce between browsers and servers. The primary contributions of the later SSL and TLS were the inclusion of more and stronger cryptographic algorithms, redesign of the handshake protocol, and TLS's continual mitigation against known attacks. Today, many other Internet applications (including email) use HTTPS, which consists of HTTP running over a secure sockets layer.

As of 2023-05-10, this article is derived in whole or in part from Networking Research Laboratory. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "A brief history of the first secure sockets layer"