Safe navigation operator

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In object-oriented programming, the safe navigation operator (also known as optional chaining operator, safe call operator, null-conditional operator, null-propagation operator) is a binary operator that returns null if its first argument is null; otherwise it performs a dereferencing operation as specified by the second argument (typically an object member access, array index, or lambda invocation).

It is used to avoid sequential explicit null checks and assignments and replace them with method/property chaining. In programming languages where the navigation operator (e.g. ".") leads to an error if applied to a null object, the safe navigation operator stops the evaluation of a method/field chain and returns null as the value of the chain expression. It was first used by Groovy 1.0 in 2007^[1] and is currently supported in languages such as C#,^[2] Swift,^[3] TypeScript,^[4] Ruby,^[5] Kotlin,^[6] Rust,^[7] JavaScript,^[8] and others. There is currently no common naming convention for this operator, but safe navigation operator is the most widely used term.

The main advantage of using this operator is that it avoids the pyramid of doom. Instead of writing multiple nested ifs, programmers can just use usual chaining, but add question mark symbols before dots (or other characters used for chaining).

While the safe navigation operator and null coalescing operator are both null-aware operators, they are operationally different.

Safe navigation operator examples in Apex:^[9]

a[x]?.aMethod().aField // Evaluates to null if a[x] == null
a[x].aMethod()?.aField // returns null if a[x].aMethod() evaluates to null
String profileUrl = user.getProfileUrl()?.toExternalForm();
return [SELECT Name FROM Account WHERE Id = :accId]?.Name;

C# 6.0 and above have ?., the null-conditional member access operator (which is also called the Elvis operator by Microsoft and is not to be confused with the general usage of the term Elvis operator, whose equivalent in C# is ??, the null coalescing operator) and ?[], the null-conditional element access operator, which performs a null-safe call of an indexer get accessor. If the type of the result of the member access is a value type, the type of the result of a null-conditional access of that member is a nullable version of that value type.^[10]

The following example retrieves the name of the author of the first article in an array of articles (provided that each article has an Author member and that each author has a Name member), and results in null if the array is null, if its first element is null, if the Author member of that article is null, or if the Name member of that author is null. Note that an IndexOutOfRangeException is still thrown if the array is non-null but empty (i.e. zero-length).

string name = articles?[0]?.Author?.Name;

Calling a lambda requires callback?.Invoke(), as there is no null-conditional invocation (callback?() is not allowed).

Func<int, int> callback = x => x * x; // squares x
int result = callback?.Invoke(5);

Clojure doesn't have true operators in the sense other languages uses it, but as it interoperable with Java, and has to perform object navigation when it does, the some->^[11] macro can be used to perform safe navigation. An extended macro safe->^[12] prevents calling nil values.

(some-> article .author .name)

Existential operator:^[13]

zip = lottery.drawWinner?().address?.zipcode

Crystal supports the try safe navigation method ^[14]

name = article.try &.author.try &.name

Conditional member access operator:^[15]

var name = article?.author?.name

Null safe invocation operator:^[16]

var name = article?.author?.name

The null-safe invocation operator is not needed for class attributes declared as Gosu Properties:

class Foo {
    var _bar: String as Bar
}

var foo: Foo = null

// the below will evaluate to null and not return a NullPointerException
var bar = foo.Bar

Safe navigation operator and safe index operator:^[1][17]

def name = article?.authors?[0].name

Added in ECMAScript 2020, the optional chaining operator provides a way to simplify accessing values through connected objects when it's possible that a reference or function may be undefined or null.^[18] Major desktop browsers have supported this since 2020, and most mobile browsers added support by 2024.^[19]

const name = article?.authors?.[0]?.name
const result = callback?.()

It short-circuits the whole chain of calls on its right-hand side: in the following example, bar is not "accessed".

null?.foo.bar

Safe call operator:^[6]

val name = article?.author?.name

Normal navigation syntax can be used in most cases without regarding NULLs, as the underlying messages, when sent to NULL, is discarded without any ill effects.

NSString *name = article.author[0].name;

Perl 5 does not have this kind of operator, but a proposal for inclusion was accepted with the following syntax:^[20]

my $name = $article?->author?->name;

The null safe operator was accepted for PHP 8:^[21]

$name = $article?->author?->name;

Safe method call:^[22]

my $name = $article.?author.?name;

Ruby supports the &. safe navigation operator (also known as the lonely operator) since version 2.3.0:^[5]

name = article&.author&.name

Rust provides a ? operator^[7] that can seem like a safe navigation operator. However, a key difference is that when ? encounters a None value, it doesn't evaluate to None. Instead, it behaves like a return statement, causing the enclosing function or closure to immediately return None.

The Option methods map() and and_then() can be used for safe navigation, but this option is more verbose than a safe navigation operator:

fn print_author(article: Option<Article>) {
    println!(
        "Author: {}",
        article.and_then(|y| y.author)
            .map(|z| z.name)
            .unwrap_or("Unknown".to_owned())
    );
}

An implementation using ? will print nothing (not even "Author:") if article is None or article.unwrap().author is None. As soon as ? sees a None, the function returns.

fn try_print_author(article: Option<Article>) -> Option<()>{
    println!("Author: {}", article?.author?.name);
    Some(())
}

The null-safe operator in Scala is provided by the library Dsl.scala.^[23][24]

val name = article.?.author.?.name : @ ?

The @ ? annotation can be used to denote a nullable value.

case class Tree(left: Tree @ ? = null, right: Tree @ ? = null, value: String @ ? = null)

val root: Tree @ ? = Tree(
  left = Tree(
    left = Tree(value = "left-left"),
    right = Tree(value = "left-right")
  ),
  right = Tree(value = "right")
)

The normal . in Scala is not null-safe, when performing a method on a null value.

a[NullPointerException] should be thrownBy {
root.right.left.right.value // root.right.left is null!
}

The exception can be avoided by using ? operator on the nullable value instead:

root.?.right.?.left.?.value should be(null)

The entire expression is null if one of ? is performed on a null value.

The boundary of a null safe operator ? is the nearest enclosing expression whose type is annotated as @ ?.

("Hello " + ("world " + root.?.right.?.left.?.value)) should be("Hello world null")
("Hello " + (("world " + root.?.right.?.left.?.value.?): @ ?)) should be("Hello null")
(("Hello " + ("world " + root.?.right.?.left.?.value.?)): @ ?) should be(null)

Optional chaining operator,^[3] subscript operator, and call:

let name = article?.authors?[0].name
let result = protocolVar?.optionalRequirement?()

Optional chaining operator was included in the TypeScript 3.7 release:^[4]

let x = foo?.bar?.[0]?.baz();

Visual Basic 14 and above have the ?. (the null-conditional member access operator) and ?() (the null-conditional index operator), similar to C#. They have the same behavior as the equivalent operators in C#.^[25]

The following statement behaves identically to the C# example above.

Dim name = articles?(0)?.Author?.Name

• Elvis operator
• Null coalescing operator

• PEP 505, discussing the possibility of safe navigation operators for Python