Red Knight

Red Knight is a title borne by several characters in the Arthurian legend.

Legend

Tales of Perceval

The Red Knight prominently appears in the tales of the hero Perceval as his early enemy.

In Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail, the Red Knight of the Forest of Quinqeroi steals a cup from King Arthur. He is killed by Perceval, who wears his armour and comes to be known as the Red Knight himself.^[1] In the Third (Manessier's) Continuation, Perceval also kills the Lord of the Red Tower.^[2]
In Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, a retelling of Chrétien's story, the Red Knight is identified as Sir Ither, the Red Knight of Kukumerlant, a cousin to both Arthur and Perceval. He too is killed by Perceval, who then puts on his armour.^[3]
In Perlesvaus, Gawain defeats Cahot the Red (Cahot li Roux), a brother of the Knight of the Red Shield killed by him years earlier, retaking his mother's stolen castle.^[4]
In Sir Perceval of Galles, Perceval kills the Red Knight, thus avenging his own father, and takes his armour. Wearing the armour, Perceval later finds the Red Knight's witch mother, deceives her into believing him to be her son, and burns her.^[5]^[6]

Vulgate Cycle

Lancelot is briefly called by this name (along that of the Black Knight) in the Vulgate Lancelot during his battles against Galehaut's forces.^[7]
In the Vulgate Suite de Merlin, two enemies of Arthur's are the lords of the castle Estremores, Roalais and Sir Belias of Estremores, who both called the Red Knights of Estremores.^[8]
In the Livre d'Artus, the Red Knight is a heathen prince named Oriols (Oriolz), son of Saxon king Aminaduc (a nephew of Hengist) and the unnamed Queen of Denmark (Danemarche). He dwells with his mother and others (including a trio of cannibal giants) in the cursed castle (later known as the Castle of Maidens) where they work to conquer Logres, until they are overthrown by Gawain and Sagramore and flee. He also appears in the Vulgate Merlin (and in its English adaptation Of Arthour and of Merlin) under variants of this name (Oriel, Oriens, Oriol, Oriolt, etc.), but not as the Red Knight. It is possible that he is related to the legend of Ogier the Dane.^[9]

Le Morte d'Arthur

Two different Red Knights appear in the tale of Gareth in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.

The first of them is named Sir Perimones and is also known as "The Puce Knight", who, like his three brothers the Black Knight, Sir Partolope the "Green Knight" (distinct from the character in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight), and Sir Persant of Inde "The Blue Knight", is bested by the young Gareth.
After these initial trials, Gareth must face the Red Knight of the Red Launds, whose real identity is Sir Ironside. Ironside has the strength of seven men and has trapped the princess of Lyonesse in a tower from which Gareth must save her. Though he had demonstrated a cruel and sadistic nature, Ironside is brought to Arthur's court and even made a Knight of the Round Table.

Other red knights

In Chrétien's story Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, Esclados the Red (Old French: li Ros) is the guardian of an otherworldly fountain in the enchanted forest of Brocéliande. He appears as spouse of the lady Laudine (usually known as "the Lady of the Fountain") prior to Sir Yvain. He was slain by Yvain for attacking the latter's cousin, Sir Calogrenant, in defence of the magic fountain (or well, or spring).
Gawain is known as the Red Knight for a brief time in Perlesvaus. In the same story, Percival also kills a pet lion of the Red Knight of the Deep Forest.
In the Irish folklore Tal eEachtra an Amadán Mor, the Red Knight is one of the knights defeated by Arthur's nephew known as the Great Fool.

Popular culture

In the 1991 film The Fisher King, the Red Knight is a central character. He symbolises the fear, loss, and grief experienced by Parry, a mentally ill homeless man portrayed by Robin Williams.
In the 1998 animated film Quest for Camelot, the Red Knight is given the name Sir Ruber (voiced by Gary Oldman), and is portrayed as a power-hungry villain attempting to claim Excalibur for himself.
An episode of My Knight and Me features the Knight of Red or the Red Knight for short, who is depicted as a stereotypical gym teacher.
In the 2019 young adult novel RWBY: After the Fall, the main antagonist, Carmine Esclados, is based on the Red Knight.
In the Belgian comic book series De Rode Ridder, the main character, Johan, is named the Red Knight because of his red clothing.
In Four Knights of the Apocalypse, a manga series based on Arthurian legend, the Red Knight is named Ironside and depicted as the father and personal nemesis of Percival.

References

^ Troyes, Chrétien de (15 March 2011). Perceval, Or, The Story of the Grail. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820340548 – via Google Books.
^ Loomis, Roger Sherman (5 June 2018). The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18719-8.
^ Eschenbach, Wolfram von (26 March 2009). Parzival and Titurel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953920-8 – via Google Books.
^ Kibler, William W.; Barton Palmer, R. (14 August 2014). Medieval Arthurian Epic and Romance: Eight New Translations. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4779-4.
^ Fulton, Helen (23 November 2011). A Companion to Arthurian Literature. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118234303 – via Google Books.
^ Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (7 August 2017). The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-39698-8.
^ Lancelot of the Lake. Oxford University Press. 22 January 2024. ISBN 978-0-19-283793-6.
^ Bruce, Christopher W. (21 August 2013). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755378.
^ Karr, Phyllis Ann (1983). The King Arthur Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table as Revealed by the Tales Themselves. Reston [Publishing Company]. ISBN 9780835936989.

[1] Troyes, Chrétien de (15 March 2011). Perceval, Or, The Story of the Grail. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820340548 – via Google Books.

[2] Loomis, Roger Sherman (5 June 2018). The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18719-8.

[3] Eschenbach, Wolfram von (26 March 2009). Parzival and Titurel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953920-8 – via Google Books.

[4] Kibler, William W.; Barton Palmer, R. (14 August 2014). Medieval Arthurian Epic and Romance: Eight New Translations. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4779-4.

[5] Fulton, Helen (23 November 2011). A Companion to Arthurian Literature. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118234303 – via Google Books.

[6] Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (7 August 2017). The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-39698-8.

[7] Lancelot of the Lake. Oxford University Press. 22 January 2024. ISBN 978-0-19-283793-6.

[8] Bruce, Christopher W. (21 August 2013). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755378.

[9] Karr, Phyllis Ann (1983). The King Arthur Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table as Revealed by the Tales Themselves. Reston [Publishing Company]. ISBN 9780835936989.

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v t e King Arthur and the Matter of Britain
Family	Agravain Cador Constantine Culhwch Ector Elaine of Garlot Hoel Gaheris Gareth Gawain Gingalain Guinevere Igraine Kay Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Ambrosius Aurelianus Uther Pendragon Urien Yvain
Knights of the Round Table	Agravain Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors the Younger Brunor Cligès Caradoc Dagonet Daniel Dinadan Galahad Galehaut Gaheris Gareth Gawain Geraint Griflet Kay Lamorak Lancelot Lanval Lionel Mordred Moriaen Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Percival Sagramore Tristan Yvain
Other characters	Accolon Agrestes Angharad Golden-Hand Anguish of Ireland Annowre Balin and Balan Ban Lady Bertilak Black Knight(s) Blanchefleur Bors the Elder Brangaine Brunor(s) Catigern Claudas Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Benoic Elaine of Corbenic Enide Feirefiz Fisher King(s) Garel Gorlois Green Knight(s) Guiomar Guiron le Courtois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Hengist Iseult Lady/Ladies of the Lake Laudine Leodegrance Lohengrin Lot Lucius Lunete Lynette and Lyonesse Maleagant Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Merlin Nentres Nine sorceresses Olwen Percival's sister Red Knight(s) Rience Sebile Taliesin Tegau Eurfron Vortigern Yniol
Animal characters	Cavall Gringolet Petitcrieu Questing Beast Twrch Trwyth
Objects	Carnwennan Excalibur Holy Grail Pridwen Prydwen Rhongomyniad Round Table Siege Perilous
Places	Astolat Avalon Glastonbury Tor Brocéliande Val sans retour Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Chapel perilous Corbenic Esplumoir Merlin Joyous Gard Land/Castle of Maidens Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel Tintagel Castle Merlin's Cave
In media	Bibliography List of works comics
Topics	Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke Loathly lady Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur's messianic return Pendragon Knight of the Swan Tristan and Iseult