Ray Chapman
Raymond Johnson Chapman (January 15, 1891 – August 17, 1920) was an American baseball player. He spent his entire career as a shortstop for the Cleveland Indians of the American League. Chapman was hit in the head by a pitch thrown by pitcher Carl Mays and died 12 hours later. He is the only person to die directly from an injury received while playing in a Major League Baseball (MLB) game. His death led baseball to establish a rule requiring umpires to replace the ball whenever it becomes dirty. Chapman's death and sanitary concerns also led to the ban on spitballs after the 1920 season. Chapman's death was also one of the examples cited to justify the wearing of batting helmets. MLB took over 30 years, though, to adopt the rule that required their use.
| Ray Chapman | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Shortstop | |
| Born: January 15, 1891 Beaver Dam, Kentucky, U.S. | |
| Died: August 17, 1920 (aged 29) Manhattan, New York, U.S. | |
Batted: Right Threw: Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 30, 1912, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 16, 1920, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .278 |
| Home runs | 17 |
| Runs batted in | 364 |
| Stats at Baseball Reference | |
| Teams | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
Raymond Johnson Chapman (January 15, 1891 – August 17, 1920) was an American baseball player. He spent his entire career as a shortstop for the Cleveland Indians of the American League.
Chapman was hit in the head by a pitch thrown by pitcher Carl Mays and died 12 hours later. He is the only person to die directly from an injury received while playing in a Major League Baseball (MLB) game.[1][2] His death led baseball to establish a rule requiring umpires to replace the ball whenever it becomes dirty. Chapman's death and sanitary concerns also led to the ban on spitballs after the 1920 season.[3][4] Chapman's death was also one of the examples cited to justify the wearing of batting helmets. MLB took over 30 years, though, to adopt the rule that required their use.
Early life
[edit]Ray Chapman was born to Robert and Blanche Chapman (née Johnson) in Beaver Dam, Kentucky, and raised in Herrin, Illinois.[5]
Career
[edit]Chapman broke into the major leagues in 1912 with the Cleveland team, then known as the Naps.[6]
Chapman led the American League in runs scored and walks in 1918. A top-notch bunter, Chapman is sixth on the all-time list for sacrifice hits and holds the single-season record with 67 in 1917. Only Stuffy McInnis has more career sacrifices as a right-handed batter. Chapman was also an excellent shortstop, who led the league in assists once. He batted .300 or better three times and led the Indians in stolen bases four times. In 1917, he set a team record of 52 stolen bases, which stood until 1980. He was hitting .303 with 97 runs scored when he died. He was one of the few players whom Ty Cobb considered a friend.[7]
Conjecture indicated that 1920 was going to be Chapman's last year as a professional baseball player. Shortly before the season began, Chapman married Kathleen Daly, who was the daughter of a prominent Cleveland businessman. Chapman had indicated he was going to retire to devote himself to the family business into which he was marrying, as well as to begin a family.[8]
Death
[edit]
On August 16, 1920, while at bat, Chapman was struck in the head and killed by a pitch thrown by Carl Mays during a game against the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds.[9] At the time, pitchers commonly dirtied balls with soil, licorice, and tobacco juice, and otherwise scuffed, sandpapered, scarred, cut, or spiked them, giving a "misshapen, earth-colored ball that traveled through the air erratically, tended to soften in the later innings, and as it came over the plate, was very hard to see."[10] Mays threw with a submarine delivery, and it was late afternoon. Eyewitnesses recounted that Chapman did not react to the pitch at all, presumably unable to see it. The sound of the ball striking Chapman's skull was so loud that Mays thought it had hit the end of Chapman's bat; he fielded the ball and threw to first base.[1]
Home plate umpire Tommy Connolly, noticing that Chapman was bleeding from his left ear, screamed towards the stands for a doctor. Tris Speaker, who had been on deck, rushed to Chapman, as did several players from each team. Carl Mays merely stood on the mound. Chapman tried to walk, but his knees buckled. As he was helped off the field by his teammates, he mumbled "I'm all right; tell Mays not to worry... ring....Katie's ring," before falling unconscious.[11][12] Chapman was taken to St. Lawrence Hospital, a short distance from the Polo Grounds, where he was diagnosed with a depressed skull fracture. Despite emergency surgery to relieve swelling on his brain, Chapman died at 4:40 am the next day. His pregnant wife Katie, summoned from Cleveland by phone, arrived at 10:00 am and fainted upon learning he had died.[13]
Thousands of mourners attended Chapman's funeral at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Cleveland,[2] and he was buried at Lake View Cemetery.[14]
Cleveland players wore black armbands for the remainder of the season.[15] The Indians won the 1920 World Series and dedicated their victory to Chapman.[16]
Honors
[edit]A bronze plaque was designed in Chapman's memory, funded by donations from fans, was hung at League Park and was moved to Cleveland Stadium when the Indians moved there in 1946. Sometime in the early 1970s, however, it was removed for unknown reasons.[1][17] In 2007, it was refurbished and made part of Progressive Field's Heritage Park, which includes the Cleveland Guardians Hall of Fame and other exhibits from the team's history. Chapman had been inducted into the team Hall of Fame in 2006, part of the first new induction class since 1972.[1][18][19] A baseball field is dedicated to Ray Chapman in his hometown of Beaver Dam, Kentucky.
See also
[edit]
- List of baseball players who died during their careers
- John Dodge, who was killed by a pitched ball during a minor league game
- Phillip Hughes, Australian cricketer killed by a ball during play in 2014
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Withers, Tom (March 29, 2007). "Indians uncover lost Chapman plaque". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ a b Goodman, Rebecca (2005). This Day in Ohio History. Emmis Books. p. 250. ISBN 9781578601912. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ^ Wulf, Steve (April 13, 1981). "Tricks Of The Trade". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ Terbush, Jon (May 3, 2013). "Spitballs, nail files, and other ways pitchers cheat". The Week. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ Gay, Timothy M. (2006). Tris Speaker: The Rough-and-tumble Life of a Baseball Legend. University of Nebraska Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8032-2206-8.
- ^ Poremba, David Lee (2000). The American League: The Early Years. Arcadia Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 0-7385-0710-5.
- ^ Goodman, Rebecca; Brunsman, Barrett J. (2005). This Day in Ohio History. Emmis Books. p. 250. ISBN 1578601916.
- ^ "The Mays/Chapman Incident: The Participants". thedeadballera.com.
- ^ Propert, Phyllis (July 1957). "Carl Mays: My Pitch That Killed Chapman Was A Strike!". Baseball Digest. Vol. 16, no. 6. ISSN 0005-609X.
- ^ Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (1996). Baseball: An Illustrated History. Knopf. p. 153. ISBN 0-679-76541-7.
- ^ "The Mays/Chapman Inicident". Retrieved October 26, 2019.
- ^ Caple, Jim (May 21, 2001). "Classic Box Score: August 16, 1920". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
- ^ "Beaned by a Pitch, Ray Chapman Dies". The New York Times. August 17, 1920. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
- ^ Dyer, Bob (2003). The Top 20 Moments in Cleveland Sports: Tremendous Tales of Heroes and Heartbreaks. Cleveland: Gray & Co. p. 160. ISBN 978-1598510300.
- ^ McNeil, William (2002). The Single-Season Home Run Kings: Ruth, Maris, McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds. McFarland. p. 24. ISBN 0-7864-1441-3.
- ^ Vadaj, Rachel; Dakota, Michael (August 16, 2020). "100 years ago, Cleveland Indians' Ray Chapman became the only MLB player to die playing the game". www.cleveland19.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ Krsolovic, Ken; Fritz, Bryan (2013). League Park: historic home of Cleveland baseball, 1891–1946. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland & Company. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7864-6826-3.
- ^ "Indians Hall of Fame returns" (Press release). Cleveland Indians. July 11, 2006. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ "Heritage Park". Cleveland Indians. 2017. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
Further reading
[edit]- The historical novel, The Curse of Carl Mays, by Howard Camerik, also recounts the Chapman-Mays incident.
- The Dan Gutman novel Ray & Me, tells the story of the Chapman incident with a fictional touch as the main character Joe Stoshack travels back in time to try to prevent his death.
- The book The Pitch That Killed, by Mike Sowell, is a history of the Chapman-Mays tragedy.
- Do It for Chappie: The Ray Chapman Tragedy by Rick Swaine is a historical novel based on true events involving real-life historical figures.
- Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6
- The book Love And Loss: The Short Life of Ray Chapman by Scott H. Longert (2024: Ohio University Press) is a comprehensive biography of Chapman's life.
External links
[edit]
- Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac
- The Death of Ray Chapman – The New York Times, August 18, 1920
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