Pyrylium
Pyrylium is a cation (positive ion) with formula C5H5O+, consisting of a six-membered ring of five carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom, and one positively charged oxygen atom. The bonds in the ring are conjugated as in benzene, giving it an aromatic character. In particular, because of the positive charge, the oxygen atom is trivalent. Pyrilium is a mono-cyclic and heterocyclic compound, one of the oxonium ions.
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Pyrylium[1] | |||
| Other names
Pyranium
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| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| 1421881 | |||
| ChEBI |
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| ChemSpider | |||
| 558560 | |||
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C5H5O+ | |||
| Molar mass | 81.093 g·mol−1 | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Pyrylium is a cation (positive ion) with formula C5H5O+, consisting of a six-membered ring of five carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom, and one positively charged oxygen atom. The bonds in the ring are conjugated as in benzene, giving it an aromatic character. In particular, because of the positive charge, the oxygen atom is trivalent. Pyrilium is a mono-cyclic and heterocyclic compound, one of the oxonium ions.
Synthesis
[edit]Pyrylium salts are easily produced from simple starting materials through a condensation reaction.[2]
Pyrylium salts with aromatic substituents, such 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate, can be obtained from two moles of acetophenone, one mole of benzaldehyde, and excess tetrafluoroboric acid.[3] For pyrylium salts with alkyl substituents, such as 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salts, the best method uses the Balaban-Nenitzescu-Praill synthesis from tertiary butanol and acetic anhydride in the presence of tetrafluoroboric,[4] perchloric,[5] or trifluoromethanesulfonic acids.[6]
Hydroxide bases open and hydrolyze pyridine to an enedione base that cyclizes in very strong acids to a pyrylium cation.[7]
Enolizing conditions (strong acid) force pyrones to their pyrylium tautomer.[8]
Chemical properties
[edit]Pyrylium and its derivatives form stable salts with a variety of anions.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Like other oxonium ions, pyrylium is unstable in neutral water. However, pyrylium is much less reactive than ordinary oxonium ions because of aromatic stabilization. The highly electronegative oxygen strongly perturbs the orbitals in the aromatic ring, and pyrylium derivatives are extremely resistant to electrophilic aromatic substitution. Pyrylium cations react with nucleophiles at the ortho and para positions, typically through ANRORC.[15]
2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium salts are converted by hydroxide bases into a stable 1,5-enedione (pseudobase), but 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salts on treatment with hot alkali hydroxides afford an unstable pseudobase that undergoes an intramolecular condensation yielding 3,5-dimethylphenol. In warm deuterium oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salts undergo isotopic exchange of 4-methyl hydrogens faster than for the 2- and 6-methyl groups, allowing the synthesis of regioselectively deuterated compounds.[citation needed]
Derivatives
[edit]Pyrylium's electrophilicity makes them useful materials for producing other compounds with stronger aromatic character. Pyrylium salts afford pyridines with ammonia,[16] pyridinium salts with primary amines, pyridine-N-oxides with hydroxylamine, phosphabenzenes with phosphine derivatives, thiopyrylium salts with hydrogen sulfide, and benzene derivatives with acetonitrile or nitromethane.
Many important cations are formally derived from pyrylium by substitution of various functional groups for some or all the hydrogens in the ring. 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium reacts with primary amines to give pyridinium derivatives called "Katritzky salts"; they are commonly used in metal-catalyzed nucleophilic displacement of the amine.[15]
Pyrones
[edit]A pyrylium cation with a hydroxyl anion substituent in the 2-position is not the zwitterionic aromatic compound (1), but the neutral unsaturated lactone 2-pyrone or pyran-2-one (2). Important representatives of this class are the coumarins. Likewise a 4-hydroxyl pyrylium compound is a γ-pyrone or pyran-4-one (4), to which group belong compounds such as maltol.
2-Pyrones are known to react with alkynes in a Diels–Alder reaction to form arene compounds with expulsion of carbon dioxide, for example:[17]
Polycyclic oxonium arenes
[edit]Chromenylium ion
[edit]One bicyclic pyrylium ion is called benzopyrylium ion (IUPAC: chromenylium ion) (formula: C9H7O+, molar mass: 131.15 g/mol, exact mass: 131.04968983). It can be seen as a charged derivative of 2H-1-benzopyran (IUPAC: 2H-chromene, C9H8O), or a (charged) substituted heterocyclic derivative of naphthalene (C10H8).
Flavylium ion
[edit]In biology, the 2-phenylbenzopyrylium (2-phenylchromenylium) ion is referred to as flavylium. A class of flavylium-derived compounds are anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, pigments that are responsible for the colors of many flowers.[citation needed]
Naphthoxanthenium cation
[edit]Higher polycyclic derivatives of pyrylium also exist. One good example is naphthoxanthenium. This dye is highly stable, aromatic, and planar. It absorbs in the UV and blue region and presents exceptional photophysical properties. It can be synthesized by chemical or photochemical reactions.[18]
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Benzopyrylium chloride (chromenylium chloride), a salt with chloride as the counterion -
Flavylium cation -
Naphthoxanthenium cation
See also
[edit]
- 6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, stibabenzene, bismabenzene, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
- Pyran, C5H6O (pyrones lacking the ketone group)
References
[edit]- ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 1097. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ Balaban, A. T.; Wray, V. (1977). "13C n.m.r. spectra of some pyrylium salts and related compounds". Organic Magnetic Resonance. 9 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1002/mrc.1270090105.
- ^ Dimroth, Karl; Reichardt, C.; Vogel, K. (1969). "2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate". Organic Syntheses. 49; Collected Volumes, vol. 5.
- ^ Balatan, A. T.; Boulton, A. J. (1969). "2,4,6-Trimethylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate". Organic Syntheses. 49; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, pp. 1112–1113.
- ^ Balaban, Alexandru T.; Nenitzescu, Costin D. (1968). "2,4,6-Trimethylpyrylium perchlorate". Organic Syntheses. 44; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, pp. 1088, 1106, 1114, 1135.
- ^ Balaban, Alexandru T.; Boulton, A. J. (1973). "2,4,6-Trimethylpyrylium trifluoromethanesulfonate". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, pp. 1112, 1114–1116.
- ^ Gómez-Palomino, Alejandro; Ghiazza, Clément; Busch, Julia; Wagner, Lucas; Cornella, Josep (2023). "Preparation of Pyrylium tetrafluoroborate (Pyry-BF4)". Organic Syntheses. 100: 361–381.
- ^ Agyemang, Nana B.; Murelli, Ryan P. (2019). "Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-methylpyrylium trifluoromethanesulfonate from Kojic acid". Organic Syntheses. 96: 494–510.
- ^ Gilchrist, T. L. (1997). Heterocyclic Chemistry. Longman. ISBN 0-582-27843-0.
- ^ Balaban, A. T.; Schroth, W.; Fischer, G. (1969). "Pyrylium Salts Part I. Syntheses". In Katritzky, A. R.; Boulton, A. J. (eds.). Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 10. Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press. pp. 241–326. doi:10.1016/S0065-2725(08)60499-7. ISBN 978-0-12-020610-0.
- ^ Balaban, A. T.; Dinculescu, A.; Dorofeenko, G. N.; Fischer, G. W.; Koblik, A. V.; Mezheritskii, V. V.; Schroth, W. (1982). Katritzky, A. R. (ed.). Pyrylium Salts. Syntheses, Reactions and Physical Properties. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry: Supplement. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-020652-0.
- ^ Balaban, A. T. (1979). "The Pyrylium Cation as a Synthon in Organic Chemistry". In Mitra, R. B.; Ayyangar, N. R.; Gogte, V. N.; Acheson, R. M.; Cromwell, N. (eds.). New Trends in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Studies in Organic Chemistry. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 79–111. ISBN 978-0-444-41737-4.
- ^ Balaban, A. T. (1987). "Pyrylium Salts as Useful Synthons". In Chizov, O. (ed.). Organic Synthesis: Modern Trends. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 263–274. ISBN 0-632-02014-8.
- ^ Balaban, T. S.; Balaban, A. T. (2003). "Pyrylium Salts". Hetarenes and Related Ring Systems, Six-membered Hetarenes with one Chalcogen. Science of Synthesis; Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformations. Vol. 14. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 11–200. ISBN 978-3-13-118641-6.
- ^ a b Pang, Yue; Moser, Daniel; Cornella, Josep (2020). "Pyrylium Salts: Selective Reagents for the Activation of Primary Amino Groups in Organic Synthesis". Synthesis. 52 (4): 489–503. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1690703. S2CID 208705148.
- ^ Anderson, A. G.; Stang, P. J. (1981). "2,6-Di-tert-Butyl-4-Methylpyridine". Organic Syntheses. 60: 34; Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 144.
- ^ Delaney, P. M.; Moore, J. E.; Harrity, J. P. A. (2006). "An Alkynylboronic Ester Cycloaddition Route to Functionalised Aromatic Boronic Esters". Chemical Communications. 2006 (31): 3323–3325. doi:10.1039/b607322k. PMID 16883424.
- ^ Bucher, G.; Bresolí-Obach, R.; Brosa, C.; Flors, C.; Luis, J. L.; Grillo, T. A.; Nonell, S. (2014). "β-Phenyl quenching of 9-phenylphenalenones: a novel photocyclisation reaction with biological implications". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16 (35): 18813–18820. Bibcode:2014PCCP...1618813B. doi:10.1039/C4CP02783C. PMID 25079707.