Project 211

Project 211
211工程
	Map of universities of Project 211 in China
Predecessor	National Key Universities
Successor	Double First-Class Construction
Formation	1995; 31 years ago
Defunct	2014; 12 years ago
Region served	China
Membership	115 public universities nationwide

Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the government of China for "preparing approximately 100 universities for the 21st century", initiated in November 1995. There were 115 universities and colleges selected to be part of this program.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2015, under the Xi Jinping administration.^[5]^[6]

Etymology

Project 211 was a project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the then National Education Commission of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development.^[7]

The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "In preparation for the 21st century, successfully running 100 higher education institutions" (面向21世纪，办好100所高校). One hundred was the approximate number of participating universities.^[8]

History

In November 1995, with the approval of the State Council, the then State Planning Commission, the then State Education Commission, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the "Project 211 Overall Construction Plan" document. This document officially started Project 211.^[9] A total of 15 universities were selected as the first batch of institutions included in the "211 Project" in 1995.

In December 1996, the first batch was expanded by 80 institutions, bringing the total number in Phase One to 95.

In 2005, the second batch of 12 universities was added into the project's Phase Two. At the end of 2005, the third batch added one more university.

In 2008, the fourth batch added five universities in Phase Three.

In October 2015, the State Council of China published the "Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines" (Double First-Class Construction), which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous higher education projects.^[10]

On June 7, 2016, the Ministry of Education of China under Xi Jinping nullified the two projects by invalidating the fundamental documents "Measures for the Implementation and Management of Project 211 Construction" and "Opinions on the Continued Implementation of Project 985 Construction Projects."^[11]^[12]^[13]

On June 27, 2016, the Ministry of Education said in response to The Beijing News reporters' questions that the two projects faced the issues such as lack of competition, redundant overlaps, and uneven distribution of resources.^[14] The ministry believed there was a need to amend the plan and strengthen the integration of resources.^[15]

List of Project-211 universities and colleges

By 2008, China had some 116 public universities and colleges selected as part of Project 211.^[8]

References

^ 全国多少所211 —中国教育在线. gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ "985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线. gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ 科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育. news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ 211工程简介. korea.lxgz.org.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ 教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站. www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ "985""211"工程将废除教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网. news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ Li Lixu (2004). "China's Higher Education Reform 1998-2003: A Summary" (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. V (1): 14–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "211工程"大事记. Ministry of Education, PRC (in Chinese). Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ 关于印发《"211工程"总体建设规划》的通知. www.elinklaw.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ 马娟. 国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_教育_中国政府网. www.gov.cn. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
^ 教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站. www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ "涉及985和211工程，教育部宣布失效一批规范性文件-东北农业大学". wwwold.neau.edu.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ 教育部宣布211、985工程多份文件失效！（附全国211、985工程大学清单）_生物探索. www.biodiscover.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ 985、211时代或终结高校发展如何破除身份壁垒？ (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^ 韩雪枫 (June 29, 2016). 985、211不再继续？教育部回应:年内启动双一流 (in Simplified Chinese). The Beijing News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ 浙江大学中文系百年学脉的传承与拓展. The Paper. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.

External links

[1] 全国多少所211 —中国教育在线. gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[2] "985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线. gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[3] 科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育. news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[4] 211工程简介. korea.lxgz.org.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[5] 教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站. www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.

[:2-6] "985""211"工程将废除教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网. news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.

[aper1-7] Li Lixu (2004). "China's Higher Education Reform 1998-2003: A Summary" (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. V (1): 14–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2010.

[:0-8] "211工程"大事记. Ministry of Education, PRC (in Chinese). Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.

[9] 关于印发《"211工程"总体建设规划》的通知. www.elinklaw.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.

[10] 马娟. 国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_教育_中国政府网. www.gov.cn. Retrieved December 17, 2023.

[11] 教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站. www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.

[12] "涉及985和211工程，教育部宣布失效一批规范性文件-东北农业大学". wwwold.neau.edu.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.

[13] 教育部宣布211、985工程多份文件失效！（附全国211、985工程大学清单）_生物探索. www.biodiscover.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.

[14] 985、211时代或终结高校发展如何破除身份壁垒？ (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2016.

[aaa-15] 韩雪枫 (June 29, 2016). 985、211不再继续？教育部回应:年内启动双一流 (in Simplified Chinese). The Beijing News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.

[16] 浙江大学中文系百年学脉的传承与拓展. The Paper. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.

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v t e Project 211
Higher education and universities in China
Beijing	Agricultural Beihang Beijing Jiaotong Central Music Central Finance and Economics Chemical Technology Communication Geosciences Chinese Medicine International Business and Economics Minzu Normal Union Medical Petroleum Peking Mining Political Science and Law Renmin Posts Science and Technology Technology Tsinghua Foreign Studies Forestry University of Technology
Tianjin	Medical Nankai Tianjin
Hebei	Technology
Shanxi	Taiyuan Technology
Inner Mongolia	Inner Mongolia
Liaoning	Dalian Maritime Dalian Technology Liaoning Northeastern
Jilin	Jilin Northeast Normal Yanbian
Heilongjiang	Harbin Engineering Harbin Technology Northeast Agricultural Northeast Forestry
Shanghai	Donghua East China Normal East China Science and Technology Fudan Naval Medical International Studies Shanghai Jiaotong Shanghai Finance and Economics Tongji
Jiangsu	Hohai Jiangnan Pharmaceutical Soochow Southeast Mining Nanjing Agricultural Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing Normal Nanjing Science and Technology Nanjing
Zhejiang	Zhejiang
Anhui	Anhui Hefei Technology Science and Technology
Fujian	Xiamen Fuzhou
Jiangxi	Nanchang
Shandong	Petroleum Huadong Shandong Ocean
Henan	Zhengzhou
Hubei	Geosciences Wuhan Huazhong Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural Huazhong Normal Wuhan Technology Wuhan Zhongnan Economics and Law
Hunan	Central South Normal Hunan Defense Technology
Guangdong	Jinan South China Normal South China Technology Sun Yat-sen
Guangxi	Guangxi
Hainan	Hainan
Chongqing	Chongqing Southwest
Sichuan	Agricultural Sichuan Southwest Jiaotong Southwestern Finance and Economics Electronic Science and Technology
Guizhou	Guizhou
Yunnan	Yunnan
Tibet	Tibet
Shaanxi	Air Force Medical Chang'an Northwest A&F Northwest Northwestern Poly Normal Xi'an Jiaotong Xidian
Gansu	Lanzhou
Qinghai	Qinghai
Ningxia	Ningxia
Xinjiang	Shihezi Xinjiang
See also: Project 985

v t e Project 985
Higher education and universities in China
Beijing (8)	Beihang China Agricultural China Minzu Normal Peking Renmin Beijing Technology Tsinghua
Tianjin (2)	Nankai Tianjin
Heilongjiang (1)	Harbin Technology
Jilin (1)	Jilin
Liaoning (2)	Dalian Technology Northeastern
Shanghai (4)	East China Normal Fudan Shanghai Jiaotong Tongji
Jiangsu (2)	Nanjing Southeast
Zhejiang (1)	Zhejiang
Anhui (1)	China Science and Technology
Fujian (1)	Xiamen
Shandong (2)	Shandong China Ocean
Shaanxi (3)	Northwest A&F Northwestern Poly Xi'an Jiaotong
Hubei (2)	Huazhong Science and Technology Wuhan
Hunan (3)	Central South National Defense Technology Hunan
Guangdong (2)	South China Technology Sun Yat-sen
Chongqing (1)	Chongqing
Sichuan (2)	Sichuan Electronic Science and Technology
Gansu (1)	Lanzhou
Project 211

v t e Education in China
Education system
History	Imperial examination Mandarin (bureaucrat) Scholar-bureaucrats Taixue Academies of Classical Learning Chinese educators Burning of books and burying of scholars Guozijian Beijing Guozijian Hundred Schools of Thought Scouting in China Digital divide in China Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China May Fourth Movement 1952 reorganization Simplified Chinese Education inequality in China
Academies	Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chinese Academy of Engineering
Projects	Plan 111 Project 211 Project 985 Double First-Class Construction Project Hope Thousand Talents Plan
Administration	Ministry of Education National Education Examinations Authority
Basic	Primary education Secondary education Boarding schools Private and public schools Zhongkao
Vocational	Vocation education
Higher	Gaokao National Key Disciplines College English Test National Key Universities Academic grading in China State Key Laboratories JUPAS for HKSAR students Academic ranks in China Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
Libraries	Archives in China Book collecting in China National Library of China Nanjing Library Shanghai Library
Specialist	Medical schools Business schools Law schools Foreign-language schools Schools of Journalism and Communication
Int'l cooperation	Association of East Asian Research Universities Association of Pacific Rim Universities Global U8 Consortium International Alliance of Research Universities Universitas 21 Worldwide Universities Network
Subject areas	English education Ideological and political education Morality and the Rule of Law Patriotic education
Exams	Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi Putonghua Proficiency Test Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì Common Recruitment Examination Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers College English Test Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi Public English Test System
Rankings	List of universities and colleges ARWU BCUR Wu Shulian CUAA Netbig
See also: Rankings of universities in China, Science and technology in China, and Types of universities and colleges in China