Nehemiah
Nehemiah (; Biblical Hebrew: נְחֶמְיָה, romanized: Nəḥemyā, lit. 'Yahweh comforts') is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the Second Temple period as the governor of Yehud Medinata, the autonomous province of Judea within the Achaemenid Empire, under Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC). The historicity of Nehemiah, his mission, and the Nehemiah Memoir have recently become very controversial in academic scholarship, with maximalists viewing it as a historical account and minimalists doubting whether Nehemiah existed. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, where he is commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers.
Nehemiah | |
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| Prophet and Leader of the Israelites | |
| Honored in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Feast | 13 July (Catholic) Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (Orthodox)[1] |
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Nehemiah (/ˌniːəˈmaɪə/; Biblical Hebrew: נְחֶמְיָה, romanized: Nəḥemyā, lit. 'Yahweh comforts')[2] is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the Second Temple period as the governor of Yehud Medinata, the autonomous province of Judea within the Achaemenid Empire, under Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC).[2][3]
The historicity of Nehemiah, his mission, and the Nehemiah Memoir have recently become very controversial in academic scholarship, with maximalists viewing it as a historical account and minimalists doubting whether Nehemiah existed.[4] He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, where he is commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers.
Book of Nehemiah narrative
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In the 20th year of Artaxerxes (445 or 444 BC),[5] Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king.[6] Learning that the remnant population in Judea were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city (Nehemiah 1:1-2:5) around 13 years after Ezra's arrival in Jerusalem in ca. 458 BC.[7] Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as provincial governor with a mission to rebuild, gave letters explaining his support for the venture, and provision for timber from the king's forest (Nehemiah 2:6-9) Once there, Nehemiah defied the opposition of Judah's enemies on all sides (Samarians under Sanballat the Horonite, Ammonites, and Arabs) and rebuilt the walls within 52 days, from the Sheep Gate in the North, the Hananeel Tower at the North West corner, the Fish Gate in the West, the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount's South West corner, the Dung Gate in the South, the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East.
No archeological evidence supports the existence of a harem or the seclusion of women from contact with men in Achaemenid Iran.[8] They appeared freely in public at all levels of society.[9] However, the ancient Greeks portrayed Persians as engaging in the segregation of the sexes, and earlier scholars suggested Nehemiah's appearance in the presence of the Achaemenid queen consort (שֵׁגָל) alongside the king in Nehemiah 2:6 (הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ וְהַשֵּׁגַ֣ל ׀ יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת אֶצְל֗וֹ "the king with the consort seated at his side") indicated that he was a eunuch, as he must have been inside the harem.[10] In the Septuagint, the earliest translation of the Hebrew Bible, he is described as such: eunochos (Koine Greek: εὐνοῦχος, romanized: eunuch), rather than oinochoos "cup-bearer" (οινοχόος). If so, the attempt by his enemy Shemaiah to trick him into entering the Temple is aimed at making him break religious commandments rather than simply hide from assassins.[11]
Nehemiah took measures to repopulate the city and purify the community, enforcing the cancellation of debt, assisting Ezra in publicizing the law of Moses, and enforcing the divorce of Jewish men from their non-Jewish wives.
After twelve years as governor, during which he ruled with justice and righteousness, he returned to the king in Susa. After spending some time in Susa, he returned to Jerusalem, only to find that the people had reverted to their evil ways. Non-Jews were permitted to conduct business inside Jerusalem on Shabbat and to keep rooms in the Temple. Greatly angered, he purified the Temple and the Kohenim and Levites and enforced the observance of the law of Moses.
Book of Maccabees
[edit]The 2 Maccabees states that Nehemiah is the one who brought the holy fire for the altar back from the diaspora to Jerusalem and founded a library of the Holy Scriptures, just as Judas Maccabeus did. Here, Nehemiah's political role sets an example for the Hasmonean dynasty and serves as a model for pious national leadership in general. The scene of reading and explaining the Torah in Nehemiah 8 became the model of synagogue worship.[12] See 2 Maccabees 2:13.
Book of Sirach
[edit]The hymn in praise of the forefathers in the Book of Sirach mentions only Nehemiah (not Ezra) after Zerubbabel and Joshua, and praises him for his building activities in Sirach 49:13.
In rabbinic literature
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2025) |
One rabbinic text, or aggadah, identifies Nehemiah as Zerubbabel, with the latter being considered an epithet and indicating that he was born in Babylon. Another oral tradition, or mishnah, records that Nehemiah was blamed for seeming to boast (Neh. v. 19 & xiii. 31), and disparage his predecessors (Neh. v. 15). This tradition asserts that his book was appended to the Book of Ezra, as a consequence, rather than being a separate book in its own right, as it is in the Christian Old Testament. The Baba Bathra records that Nehemiah completed the Book of Chronicles, which was said to have been written by Ezra.[13]
Veneration
[edit]Nehemias is venerated in Catholic Church and Orthodox Church:
- July 13 – commemoration (Catholic Church),[14]
- Sunday of the Forefathers – movable holiday on Sunday that falls between December 11–17.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Prophet Nehemiah".
- ^ a b Gesenius, Friedrich Wilhelm (1846). Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon. Baker Book House; 7th edition, 1979. p. 544. ISBN 0801037360. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (19 November 2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ Frevel, Christian (2023). History of Ancient Israel. SBL Press. p. 262. ISBN 9781628375145.
Since there are no extrabiblical testimonies for Nehemiah's person or work, one is initially dependent on the biblical data as a source…There is no clarity regarding the background, the concrete form, or the exact dating of Nehemiah's mission. For a long time the history of Nehemiah was reconstructed based on the assumption that Neh *1-7; *11-13 comprised an authentic so-called Nehemiah Memoir dating from the second half of the fifth century BCE. More recently, the historicity, background, and intention of these texts have become highly controversial. The maximalist position evaluates the details of the conflicts, Nehemiah's mission, and the actions initiated by him to be, as far as possible, historical, which then is authentically witnessed by Nehemiah's first-person report (e.g., Rainer Kessler, Titus Reinmuth, Ralf Rothenbusch). The minimalist position, on the other hand, doubts even the historicity of the person of Nehemiah. It does not see the Nehemiah Memoir as an authentic document but as a fictional account of later writers with theological intentions, who stylized Nehemiah as the model political leader. The Nehemiah Memoir is thus understood, as far as possible, to be an archetypal depiction without historical value (e.g., Joachim Becker, Erhard S. Gerstenberger).
- ^ On the date, see Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1988. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-664-22186-7.
- ^ Nehemiah 1:11
- ^ Davies, G. I., Introduction to the Pentateuch in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 22 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 19
- ^ (Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559–331 BC), Oxford, 1996. pp. 83–93)
- ^ (Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559–331 BC), Oxford, 1996. pp. 94–97)
- ^ R. J. Coggins. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 73; also F. Charles Fensham, The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1982), 140
- ^ John Barton, The Oxford Bible commentary, Oxford University Press, 2001
- ^ Bergren, Theodore A. "Nehemiah in 2 Maccabees 1:10-2:18". Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, vol. 28, no. 3, 1997, pp. 249–270. JSTOR 24668403. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Nehemiah by Emil G. Hirsch, David Samuel Margoliouth, Wilhelm Bacher & M. Seligsohn, in "The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day", Funk & Wagnalls, New York 1901-6.
- ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Neemias (1)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Святой Нееми́я, вождь иудейский". Православный Церковный календарь (in Russian). Retrieved 3 February 2023.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nehemiah". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
Further reading
[edit]- Barr, James. "History of Israel" in History and Ideology in the Old Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 87
- Holman Bible Dictionary, "Persia"
- Cataldo, Jeremiah. "Memory Trauma in Ezra-Nehemiah" in David Chalcraft, ed., Methods, Theories and Imagination: Social Scientific Approaches in Biblical Studies, Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2014, pp. 147–57.
- Lester Grabbe. Ezra, in Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (ed. James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson, Eerdmans, 2003) pp. 320–1
- Pakkala, Juha. "Ezra the scribe: the development of Ezra 7–10 and Nehemiah 8" (Walter de Gruyter, 2004). pp. 225–7
- Schulte, Lucas L. My Shepherd, Though You Do Not Know Me: The Persian Royal Propaganda Model in the Nehemiah Memoir (Leuven: Peeters, 2016), 197–204.
- Williamson, H. G. M. Ezra and Nehemiah (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1987), 17
- Wright, Jacob. "Rebuilding identity: the Nehemiah-memoir and its earliest readers" (Walter de Gruyter, 2004). p. 340.
External links
[edit]
- "Nehemiah" in The Jewish Encyclopedia
- "The Wall that Nehemiah Built", Biblical Archaeology Review
- Israel Finkelstein. "Jerusalem in the Persian (and Early Hellenistic) Period and the Wall of Nehemiah"
- Israel Finkelstein. "Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah"
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