Nambikwaran languages
The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible. Mamaindê (250-340) Nambikwara (720) Sabanê (3) The varieties of Mamaindê are often seen as dialects of a single language but are treated as separate Northern Nambikwaran languages by Ethnologue. Sabanê is a single speech community and thus has no dialects, while the Nambikwara language has been described as having eleven. The total number of speakers is estimated to be about 1,000, with Nambikwara proper being 80% of that number. Most Nambikwara are monolingual but some young men speak Portuguese. Especially the men of the Sabanê group are trilingual, speaking both Portuguese and Mamainde.
| Nambikwaran | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Pará, in Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | namb1299 |
 | |
The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.
- Mamaindê (250-340)
- Nambikwara (720)
- Sabanê (3)
The varieties of Mamaindê are often seen as dialects of a single language but are treated as separate Northern Nambikwaran languages by Ethnologue. Sabanê is a single speech community and thus has no dialects, while the Nambikwara language has been described as having eleven.[1]
The total number of speakers is estimated to be about 1,000, with Nambikwara proper being 80% of that number.[2] Most Nambikwara are monolingual but some young men speak Portuguese.[3] Especially the men of the Sabanê group are trilingual, speaking both Portuguese and Mamainde.[4]
Genetic relations
[edit]Price (1978) proposes a relationship with Kanoê (Kapixaná), but this connection is not widely accepted.[5]
Language contact
[edit]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Aikanã, Irantxe, Itonama, Kanoe, Kwaza, Peba-Yagua, Arawak, Bororo, and Karib language families due to contact.[6]
Varieties
[edit]Jolkesky (2016)
[edit]Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[6]
(† = extinct)
Loukotka (1968)
[edit]Below is a full list of Nambikwaran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]
- Nambikwaran
- Eastern dialects
- Tagnaní - spoken on the Castanho River (Roosevelt River), Mato Grosso.
- Tamaindé - spoken on the Papagaio River and Marquez de Sousa River, state of Mato Grosso.
- Neneː - spoken at the confluence of the Juína River and Juruena River, Mato Grosso.
- Tarunde - spoken in the same region on the 12 de Outubro River.
- Central dialects
- Kokozú / Uaindze / Ualíxere - spoken on the left bank of the 12 de Outubro River.
- Anunze / Soálesu - spoken between the Papagaio River and Camararé River, Mato Grosso.
- Kongoreː - spoken on the Buriti River, Mato Grosso.
- Navaite - spoken on the Dúvida River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested)
- Taduté - spoken by the neighbors of the Navaite tribe on the Dúvida River.
- Western dialects
- Tauité / Tawite - spoken on the Camararé River, state of Mato Grosso.
- Uaintasú / Waintazú - spoken in Mato Grosso on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River. (Unattested)
- Mamaindé - spoken on the Cabixi River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested)
- Uamandiri - spoken between the Cabixi River and Corumbiara River. (Unattested)
- Tauandé - spoken on the São Francisco Bueno River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested)
- Malondeː - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown. (Unattested)
- Unetundeː - spoken on the upper course of the Dúvida River. (Unattested)
- Tapóya - language of the same region, exact location unknown. (Unattested)
- Northern dialects
- Sabané - spoken on the Ananáz River (now the Tenente Marques River) and Juína-Mirim River, state of Mato Grosso.
- Jaiá - spoken on the Ananáz River (now the Tenente Marques River). (Unattested)
- Lacondeː - spoken on the right bank of the Castanho River (Roosevelt River). (Unattested)
- Eastern dialects
Mason (1950) lists the following varieties under "Nambicuara proper":[8]
Mason (1950)
[edit]- Nambikwaran
- Northeastern
- Eastern: Cocozu
- Northeastern: Anunzé
- Southwestern
- Western: Tamaindé
- Central and Southern
- Uaintazu
- Kabishi
- Tagnani
- Tauité
- Taruté
- Tashuité
- Northeastern
Sabane is listed by Mason (1950) as "Pseudo-Nambicuara" (Northern).
Vocabulary
[edit]Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for various Nambikwaran languages.[7]
| gloss | Tauité | Sabané | Anunze | Elotasu | Kokozú | Tagnaní | Tamaindé | Nene | Tarundé |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | améro | knakná | kenáge | etegenõ | ganagidzyare | banuré | kanákero | ||
| two | baléne | haːro | searu | dehaunõ | bandyere | lauré | baʔãdo | ||
| head | ua-negetü | dwa-haniːkin | toa-nekisú | ga-nakitú | nuhi-naite | nu-naite | |||
| tongue | tayú-hendü | uai-lehrú | año-heru | toái-herú | uai-hendé | noio-hidnde | nuiú-endé | nui-edende | |
| hand | toái-kizeː | depibá | uai-kizé | dwa-hikisu | toái-ikisú | ua-hité | nuhiː-hĩte | nuna-noré | |
| woman | akiːnaʔñazé | dusé | dosú | temoreː | ndenore | tenoré | denõ | ||
| water | ari | uarazé | iñausu | unsazú | narutundú | nahirinde | narundé | náru | |
| sun | utianezeː | yóta | ikidazé | udiʔenikisu | uterikisú | chondí | nahnde | naneré | |
| maize | guyakizeː | kayátsu | kayátsu | giaté | kaiate | kiakinindé | kiáteninde | ||
| parrot | anʔanzí | kakaitezé | ãhru | áhlu | aundaré | aúndere | |||
| bow | arankizeː | ukizé | úkisu | hukisú | huté | hute | aindé | ||
| white | eːseːnanzeː | pãte | kuidisú | han | ahéndesu | déʔende | hanidzare | haniʔna |
Proto-language
[edit]| Proto-Nambikwaran | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Nambiquara | |
| Reconstruction of | Nambikwaran languages |
Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978):[9]
Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978)
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Bibliography
[edit]- Costa, Januacele Francisca da; W. Leo M. Wetzels. 2008. Proto-Nambikwara Sound Structure. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
- Araujo, G. A. (2004). A Grammar of Sabanê: A Nambikwaran Language. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 94. Utrecht: LOT.
- Gomes, M. A. C. F. (1991). Dicionário Mamaindé-Português/Português-Mamaindé. Cuiabá: SIL.
- Eberhard, David M. (2009). Mamaindê Grammar: a Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context. LOT publications. ISBN 978-94-6093-012-6.
- Kroeker, M. H. (1996). Dicionário escolar bilingüe Nambikuara-Português, Português-Nambikuara. Porto Velho: SIL.
- Price, D. P. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. Anthropological Linguistics 20:14-37.
References
[edit]
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- ^ Nambiquaran languages. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
- ^ Kroeker, 2001 p. 1
- ^ Ethnologue. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
- ^ Price, David P. 1978. The Nambiquara linguistic family. Anthropological Linguistics 20 (1): 14–37.
- ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ Price, D. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. In Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 14-37. Published by: Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.