Magnetization transfer
Magnetization transfer (MT), in NMR and MRI, refers to the transfer of nuclear spin polarization and/or spin coherence from one population of nuclei to another population of nuclei, and to techniques that make use of these phenomena. There is some ambiguity regarding the precise definition of magnetization transfer, however the general definition given above encompasses all more specific notions. NMR active nuclei, those with non-zero spin, can be energetically coupled to one another under certain conditions. The mechanisms of nuclear-spin energy-coupling have been extensively characterized and are described in the following articles: Angular momentum coupling, Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, J-coupling, Residual dipolar coupling, Nuclear Overhauser effect, Spin–spin relaxation, and Spin saturation transfer. Alternatively, some nuclei in a chemical system are labile and exchange between non-equivalent environments. A more specific example of this case is presented in the section Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer. In either case, magnetization transfer techniques probe the dynamic relationship between two or more distinguishable nuclei populations, in so far as energy exchange between the populations can be induced and measured in an idealized NMR experiment.
Magnetization transfer (MT), in NMR and MRI, refers to the transfer of nuclear spin polarization and/or spin coherence from one population of nuclei to another population of nuclei, and to techniques that make use of these phenomena.[1] There is some ambiguity regarding the precise definition of magnetization transfer, however the general definition given above encompasses all more specific notions. NMR active nuclei, those with non-zero spin, can be energetically coupled to one another under certain conditions. The mechanisms of nuclear-spin energy-coupling have been extensively characterized and are described in the following articles: Angular momentum coupling, Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, J-coupling, Residual dipolar coupling, Nuclear Overhauser effect, Spin–spin relaxation, and Spin saturation transfer. Alternatively, some nuclei in a chemical system are labile and exchange between non-equivalent environments. A more specific example of this case is presented in the section Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer.
In either case, magnetization transfer techniques probe the dynamic relationship between two or more distinguishable nuclei populations, in so far as energy exchange between the populations can be induced and measured in an idealized NMR experiment.
Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer
[edit]In magnetic resonance imaging or NMR of macromolecular samples, such as protein solutions, at least two types of water molecules, free (bulk) and bound (hydration), are present. Bulk water molecules have many mechanical degrees of freedom, and motion of such molecules thus exhibits statistically averaged behavior. Because of this uniformity, most free water protons have resonance frequencies very near the average Larmor frequency of all such protons. On a properly acquired NMR spectrum this is seen as a narrow Lorentzian line (at 4.8 ppm, 20 C). Bulk water molecules are also relatively far from magnetic field perturbing macromolecules, such that free water protons experience a more homogeneous magnetic field, which results in slower transverse magnetization dephasing and a longer T2*. Conversely, hydration water molecules are mechanically constrained by extensive interactions with the local macromolecules and hence magnetic field inhomogeneities are not averaged out, which leads to broader resonance lines. This results in faster dephasing of the magnetization that produces the NMR signal and much shorter T2 values (<200 μs). Because the T2 values are so short, the NMR signal from the protons of bound water is not typically observed in MRI.
However, using an off-resonance saturation pulse to irradiate protons in the bound (hydration) population can have a detectable effect on the NMR signal of the mobile (free) proton pool. When a population of spins is saturated, such that the magnitude of the macroscopic magnetization vector approaches zero, there is no remaining spin polarization with which to produce an NMR signal. Longitudinal relaxation refers to the return of longitudinal spin polarization, which occurs at a rate described by T1. While the number of hydration water molecules may be insufficient to produce an observable signal, exchange of water molecules between the hydration and bulk population allows characterization of the hydration population, and measurement of the rate at which molecules are exchanging between bulk and bound sites. Such experiments are often termed saturation transfer or chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), because the signal of the bulk water is observed to decrease when the hydration population is saturated. Considering these techniques from the opposite perspective, that magnetization (i.e. spin polarization) is being transferred from the bulk water to the spin-saturated hydration population, allows one to conceptually unify chemical exchange methods with other techniques that transfer magnetization between nuclei populations. Since the extent of signal decay depends on the exchange rate between free and hydration water, MT can be used to provide an alternative contrast method in addition to T1,T2, and proton density differences.
MT is believed to be a nonspecific indicator of the structural integrity of the tissue being imaged.
An extension of MT, the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) has been used in neuroradiology to highlight abnormalities in brain structures. (The MTR is (Mo-Mt)/Mo.)
A systematic modulation of the precise frequency offset for the saturation pulse can be plotted against the free-water signal to form a "Z-spectrum". This technique is often referred to as "Z-spectroscopy".
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Aurora; Zaiss, Moritz; Esteban-Gómez, David; Angelovski, Goran; Platas-Iglesias, Carlos (2021). "Chapter 4. Metal Ion Complexes in Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (ParaCEST)". Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques. Springer. pp. 101–135. doi:10.1515/9783110685701-010. S2CID 233710016.
External links
[edit]- The Role of Nonconventional MRI Techniques in Demyelinating Disorders
- Magnetic Resonance Findings in Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Using a Spin Echo Magnetization Transfer Sequence
- Wolff, SD; Balaban, RS (1989). "Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 10 (1): 135–144.
- Mehta, RC; Pike, GB; Enzmann, DR (1996). "Magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical review". Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 8 (4): 214–30.
- Tanabe, JL; Ezekiel, F; Jagust, WJ; et al. (1999). "Magnetization Transfer Ratio of White Matter Hyperintensities in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20 (5): 839–844.
- Symms, M; Jäger, HR; Schmierer, K; Yousry, TA (2004). "A review of structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75: 1235–44. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.032714. PMC 1739217. PMID 15314108.
- Lepage, M; McMahon, K; Galloway, GJ; De Deene, Y; Back, SÅJ; Baldock, C (1881). "Magnetization transfer imaging for polymer gel dosimetry". Phys. Med. Biol. 47: 1881–1890.