Letter notation

In music, letter notation is a system of representing a set of pitches, for example, the notes of a scale, by letters. For the complete Western diatonic scale, for example, these would be the letters A-G, possibly with a trailing symbol to indicate a half-step raise (sharp, ♯) or a half-step lowering (flat, ♭). This is the most common way of specifying a note in speech or in written text in English or German. In Germany, Scandinavia, and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, H is used instead of B, and B is used instead of B♭.

If we consider the chromatic scale, new sounds are obtained by lowering or raising the seven diatonic notes by a semitone by means of flats (♭) and sharps (♯). Use of solfege or letter names depends on language. For a more complete table and explanation, see Musical note.

Diatonic scale note	first		second		third	fourth		fifth		sixth		seventh
Solfege/Italian	do		re		mi	fa		sol		la		si
Variations	ut		-		-	-		so		-		ti
Sharp		do♯ di		re♯ ri			fa♯ fi		sol♯ si		la♯ li
Flat		re♭ ra		mi♭ me			sol♭ se		la♭ le		si♭ te
English	C		D		E	F		G		A		B
Sharp		C sharp		D sharp			F sharp		G sharp		A sharp
Flat		D flat		E flat			G flat		A flat		B flat
German	C		D		E	F		G		A	B	H
Sharp		Cis		Dis			Fis		Gis		Ais
Flat		Des		Es			Ges		As		B

Western letter pitch notation has the virtue of identifying discrete pitches, but among its disadvantages are its occasional inability to represent pitches or inflections lying outside those theoretically derived, or (leaving aside chordal and tablature notations) representing the relationship between pitches—e.g., it does not indicate the difference between a whole step and a half step, knowledge of which was so critical to Medieval and Renaissance performers and theorists.

History

The earliest known letter notation in the Western musical tradition appear in the textbook on music De institutione musica by the 6th-century philosopher Boethius. A modified form is next found in the Dialogus de musica (ca. 1000) by Pseudo-Odo, in a discussion of the division of the monochord.^[1]

Guitar chords

Letter notation is the most common way of indicating chords for accompaniment, such as guitar chords, for example B♭⁷. The bass note may be specified after a /, for example C/G is a C major chord with a G bass.

Where a capo is indicated, there is little standardisation. For example, after capo 3, most music sheets will write A to indicate a C chord, that is, they give the chord shape rather than its pitch, but some specify it as C, others give two lines, either the C on top and the A on the bottom or vice versa. A few even use the /, writing C/A or A/C, but this notation is more commonly used for specifying a bass note and will confuse most guitarists.

Choice of note names

In the context of a piece of music, notes must be named for their diatonic functionality. For example, in the key of D major, it is not generally correct to specify G♭ as a melodic note, although its pitch may be the same as F♯, as F♯ is diatonic to D major, while G♭ is not.^[2] (In many tuning systems other than twelve tone equal temperament, the pitch of G♭ is not the same as that of F♯). This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B♯ although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context.

Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B♭, E♭, or A (the three most common registers), never in A♯, and D♯, and B (double-flat), while an alto flute is in G.^[2]

Octaves

Note names can also be qualified to indicate the octave in which they are sounded. There are several schemes for this, the most common being scientific pitch notation.

Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. Where sharps or flats are necessary for this, these are related to the natural scale of the instrument if it has one, otherwise the choice is arbitrary.

Other note naming schemes

In many languages (such as those in the Romance and Slavic families), notes are named by solmization syllables (do, re, mi,...) instead of letters.
Tonic sol-fa is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfege.
Alpha is a chromatic extension of the letter notation proposed by the French musician Raphaël André.^[3]
${ << \new Voice = "one" { \relative c''{ \time 7/4 ais bis cis dis eis fis gis <a a,> b, c d e f <g g,> as, bes ces des es fes ges beses, } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l n o p } >> }$

References

^ See "Medieval letter notations: a survey of the sources" by Alma Colk Browne (Ph. D. thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1979) and "Medieval Canonics" by Jan Herlinger, in The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory, Thomas Christensen, ed., 2002. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62371-5
^ ^a ^b Kostka, Stefan M.; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal harmony, with an introduction to twentieth-century music (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-285260-8.
^ "AlphabetChromatique". souslepont.org (in French). 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2023-01-03.

[1] See "Medieval letter notations: a survey of the sources" by Alma Colk Browne (Ph. D. thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1979) and "Medieval Canonics" by Jan Herlinger, in The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory, Thomas Christensen, ed., 2002. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62371-5

[:0-2] Kostka, Stefan M.; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal harmony, with an introduction to twentieth-century music (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-285260-8.

[3] "AlphabetChromatique". souslepont.org (in French). 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2023-01-03.

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v t e Musical notation
Staff	8^va 15^ma Abbreviation Bar Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Mode Ossia Scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Tempo Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument
Musical notes	Accidental flat natural sharp Cue note Dotted note Grace note Note value beam Notehead stem Pitch Rest Tacet Tuplet Tremolo Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation
Articulation	Accent Caesura Damping Dynamics Fermata Fingering Legato Marcato Ornament Appoggiatura Glissando Grace note Mordent Slide Trill Portato Slur Staccato Tenuto Tie Tonguing
Sheet music	History of music publishing Music engraving Music publisher Scorewriter
Other systems	Braille music Chord chart Chord diagram Eye music Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Nashville Number System Numbered musical notation Klavarskribo Tablature Parsons Percussion notation Shape note Simplified Ancient Greek Chinese Ekphonetic Gamelan Kunkunshi Neume Swaralipi Shakuhachi Znamenny
Related	Mensural notation Music stand Perfect pitch Sight-reading Transcription
List of musical symbols Category:Musical notation

v t e Frequency and pitch
Notation	Concert pitch A440 Enharmonic Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Piano key frequencies Pitch class Scientific pitch notation
Perception	Absolute pitch Ear training Pitch circularity Relative pitch Tonal memory Tone deafness Virtual pitch
See also	Electronic tuner Mersenne's laws Microtuner Musical tuning Beating Pitch pipe Savart wheel Tuning fork