Kaye effect
The Kaye effect is a phenomenon observed in some complex liquids which was first described by the British engineer Alan Kaye in 1963. While pouring one viscous mixture of an organic liquid onto a surface, the surface suddenly spouted an upcoming jet of liquid which merged with the downgoing one. This phenomenon has since been discovered to be common in many non-Newtonian liquids (liquids with a shear-stress-dependent viscosity or viscoelastic properties). Common household liquids in this category are liquid hand soaps, shampoos and non-drip paint. The effect usually goes unnoticed, however, because it seldom lasts more than about 300 milliseconds. The effect can be sustained by pouring the liquid onto a slanted surface, preventing the outgoing jet from intersecting the downward one (which tends to end the effect). Whilst it was long thought to occur due to a shear-thinning slip layer, recent studies have shown through high-speed videos and experiments in a vacuum chamber that an extremely thin layer of air (approximately 1000 times thinner than the jet diameter) is entrained, which acts as a lubricant and supports the sliding jet. The current theory is that viscoelasticity is key. In a jet viscoelastic fluid, a portion of the energy of deformation as the jet falls is recoverable, and this reduces the force required to support the leaping jet, enabling more air to be entrained.
The Kaye effect is a phenomenon observed in some complex liquids which was first described by the British engineer Alan Kaye in 1963.[1]
While pouring one viscous mixture of an organic liquid onto a surface, the surface suddenly spouted an upcoming jet of liquid which merged with the downgoing one.
This phenomenon has since been discovered to be common in many non-Newtonian liquids (liquids with a shear-stress-dependent viscosity or viscoelastic properties). Common household liquids in this category are liquid hand soaps, shampoos and non-drip paint. The effect usually goes unnoticed, however, because it seldom lasts more than about 300 milliseconds. The effect can be sustained by pouring the liquid onto a slanted surface, preventing the outgoing jet from intersecting the downward one (which tends to end the effect).
Whilst it was long thought to occur due to a shear-thinning slip layer,[2] recent studies have shown through high-speed videos[3] and experiments in a vacuum chamber[4] that an extremely thin layer of air (approximately 1000 times thinner than the jet diameter) is entrained, which acts as a lubricant and supports the sliding jet.
The current theory is that viscoelasticity is key. In a jet viscoelastic fluid, a portion of the energy of deformation as the jet falls is recoverable, and this reduces the force required to support the leaping jet, enabling more air to be entrained.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Kaye, A. (1963). "A Bouncing Liquid Stream". Nature. 197 (4871): 1001–1002. Bibcode:1963Natur.197.1001K. doi:10.1038/1971001a0. S2CID 4265638.
- ^ Versluis, M.; Blom, C.; van der Meer, D.; van der Weele, K.; Lohse, D. (2006). "Leaping shampoo and the stable Kaye effect". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. 2006 (7) P07007. arXiv:physics/0603183. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/07/P07007. S2CID 119096147.
- ^ Lee, S.; Li, E.; Marston, J.; Bonito, A.; Thoroddsen, S. (2013). "Leaping shampoo glides on a lubricating air layer". Physical Review E. 87 (6) 061001. Bibcode:2013PhRvE..87f1001L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.87.061001. hdl:1969.1/185287. PMID 23848618.
- ^ a b King, J.; Lind, S. (2019). "The Kaye effect: New experiments and a mechanistic explanation". Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 273 104165. doi:10.1016/j.jnnfm.2019.104165.
External links
[edit]
- Bizarre liquid jets explained – the Kaye effect
- Puzzle of leaping liquid solved
- The Kaye effect using shampoo
- The Kaye effect shot through a high-speed camera
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