Ibibio language

Ibibio
Ùsèm Ìbìbìò
Native to	Nigeria
Region	Abia State, Akwa Ibom State, Rivers State, Cross River State
Ethnicity	Ibibio
Speakers	L1: 6.3 million (2020)[1] L2: 4.5 million (2013)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta–Congo Benue–Congo Cross River Lower Cross Ibibio-Efik Ibibio
Writing system	Latin Nsibidi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ibb
Glottolog	ibib1240

Person	Ówó Ìbìbìò
People	Mbon Ìbìbìò
Language	Ùsèm Ìbìbìò
Country	Ibibioland

Ibibio (Standardized Ibibio: Ùsèm Ìbìbìò) is the native language of the Ibibio people of Nigeria, belonging to the Ibibio-Efik dialect cluster of the Cross River languages. The name Ibibio is sometimes used for the entire dialect cluster. In pre-colonial times, it was written with Nsibidi ideograms, similar to Igbo, Efik, Anaang, and Ejagham. Ibibio has also had influences on Afro-American diasporic languages such as AAVE words like buckra which come from the Ibibio word mbakara and in the Afro-Cuban tradition of abakua.

The Ibibio people are found in the South-South region of Nigeria in Akwa Ibom State,^{[clarification needed]} Cross River State, and Eastern Abia State (Arochukwu and Ukwa East LGAs). Ibibio communities in Opobo Nkoro and Oyigbo LGA's of Rivers State are largely unknown.

Some Ibibios are also found in other neighboring countries (western Cameroon, Bioko — central Guinea, and Ghana).

Ibibio consonant phonemes^[2]

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar	Labial-velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	b	t		k	k͡p
	voiced		d
Fricative	voiceless	f	s
Approximant				j		w

• /m, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f/ is labiodental.^[2]
  • /b/ has two allophones, which occur in complementary distribution: voiceless [p] and voiced [b].^[3]
• /n, d, s/ are alveolar [n, d, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].^[2]
• Stem-initial /ŋ/ is realized as [ŋ͡w].^[2]

Intervocalic plosives are lenited:^[2]

• /b/ → [β]
• /t, d/ → [ɾ]
• /k/ → [ɢ̆] or [ɰ]

Ibibio vowel phonemes^[2]

	Front	Back
	unrounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ʌ	o
Open	a		ɔ

• /i, u/ are phonetically near-close [ɪ, ʊ].^[2]
• /e, ʌ, o/ are phonetically true-mid; /ʌ/ is also strongly centralized: [e̞, ʌ̝̈, o̞].^[2]
• /a, ɔ/ are phonetically near-open; /a/ is central rather than front: [ɐ, ɔ̞].^[2]

Between consonants, /i, u, o/ have allophones that are transcribed [ɪ, ʉ, ə], respectively.^[2] At least in case of [ɪ, ə], the realization is probably somewhat different (e.g. close-mid [e, ɘ]), because the default IPA values of the symbols [ɪ, ə] are very similar to the normal realizations of the Ibibio vowels /i, ʌ/. Similarly, [ʉ] may actually be near-close [ʉ̞], rather than close [ʉ].

In some dialects (e.g. Ibiono), /ɪ, ʉ, ə/ occur as phonemes distinct from /i, u, o/.^[2]

Ibibio has five phonemic tones: high, mid, rising, falling and low.

Ibibio alphabet^[4]

Letter	IPA
a	a
b	b
d	d
e	e
ǝ	ə
f	f
gh	ɣ
h	x
i	i
ị	ɨ
k	k
kp	kp
m	m
n	n
n̄	ŋ
n̄w	ŋʷ
ny	ɲ
o	o
ọ	ɔ
ʌ	ʌ
p	p
s	s
t	t
u	u
ụ	ʉ
w	w
y	j

An earlier version of the alphabet used ⟨ñ⟩ for ⟨n̄⟩.^[5]

Ibibio a tonal language with Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order, rich pronoun markers, and complex verb conjugations for tense/aspect.

Ibibio Subject, Object, Possession, and Morphemes

Number	Subject	Subject Morpheme	Object	Object Morpheme	Possession
Keed (singular)	Ami (I)	ń	Mien (me)	n	Mmi (mine)
	Afo (you)	à/ú	Fien (you)	u	Mfo (yours)
	Anye (He/She/It)	á	Anye (Him/Her)	Ø	Amọ (his/hers)
Uwak (Plural)	Nnyin (we)	ì	Nnyin (us)	i	Nnyin (ours)
	Ndufo/Mbufo (you guys/y'all)	è	Ndufo/Mbufo (you guys/y'all)	i	Ndufo (you guys'/y'all's)
	Ammọ (they)	é	Ammọ (them)	Ø	Ammọ (theirs)

Ibibio uses an array of equivalent coordinators for NP/DP coordination.[1]

These are, however, illicit when coordinating verbs and larger verbal constructions. Instead, nyʌ́ŋ (and) is used, which surfaces to the left of the main verb in the second conjunct.[2]

Single Tense Test

Serial verb constructions (SVCs) (e.g., nyʌ́ŋ) maximally contain a single tense marker. This property is seen in Ibibio.

Single Negation Test

SVCs commonly allow for only one instance of negation (Hiraiwa & Bodomo 2008), and this holds for Ibibio, as well. In Ibibio, negation scopes over V1 and V2, but only V1 gets negated (Major 2015). Below are 3 different intended ways of saying "Eno didn't arise" using negation.

Ibibio cardinal and ordinal numbers from zero to ten:^[6][7]

No.	English	Ibibio	Ordinal
0	Zero	Ikpoikpo	N/A
1	One	Kèèd	Àkpá (1st)
2	Two	Íbà	Udiana (2nd)
3	Three	Ítá	Ọyọhọ Ítá (3rd)
4	Four	Ínàañ	Ọyọhọ Ínàañ (4th)
5	Five	Ítíòn	Ọyọhọ Ítíòn (5th)
6	Six	Ítíòkèèd	Ọyọhọ Ítíòkèèd (6th)
7	Seven	Ítíábà	Ọyọhọ Ítíábà (7th)
8	Eight	Ítíáìtà	Ọyọhọ Ítíáìtà (8th)
9	Nine	Úsúk-kèèd	Ọyọhọ Úsúk-kèèd (9th)
10	Ten	Dúòp	Ọyọhọ Dúòp (10th)
11	Eleven	Dúòp ye/mme Kèèd	Ọyọhọ Dúòp ye/mme Kèèd (11th)
12	Twelve	Dúòp ye/mme Íbà	Ọyọhọ Dúòp ye/mme Íbà (12th)
13	Thirteen	Dúòp ye/mme Ítá	Ọyọhọ Dúòp ye/mme Ítá (13th)
14	Fourteen	Dúòp ye/mme Ínàañ	Ọyọhọ Dúòp ye/mme Ínàañ (14th)
15	Fifteen	Èfịd	Ọyọhọ Èfịd (15th)

Base System

The Ibibio language uses a unique base-20 system for number up to 100

No.	English	Ibibio	Ordinal
20	Twenty	Edíp	Ọyọhọ Edíp (20th)
30	Thirty	Edíp ye/mme Dúòp	Ọyọhọ Edíp ye/mme Dúòp (30th)
40	Forty	Ábà	Ọyọhọ Edíp ye/mme Dúòp (40th)
50	Fifty	Ábà ye/mme Dúòp	Ọyọhọ Ábà ye/mme Dúòp (50th)
60	Sixty	Atà	Ọyọhọ Atà (60yj)
70	Seventy	Atà ye/mme Dúòp	Ọyọhọ Atà ye/mme Dúòp (70th)
80	Eighty	Anàñ	Ọyọhọ Anàñ (80th)
90	Ninety	Anàñ ye/mme Dúòp	Ọyọhọ Anàñ ye/mme Dúòp (90th)
100	One Hundred	Íkíè	Ọyọhọ Íkíè (100th)
1000	One Thousand	Tosin Kèèd	Ọyọhọ Tosin [Kèèd] (1000th)
2000	Two Thousand	Tosin Íbà	Ọyọhọ Tosin Íbà (2000th)

If the number isn't divisible by 20 or can have 15 added to the base number (ex. 35 - Edíp mme Èfịd [20 +15]), then the number will be built off the base-20 system (ex. 34 - Edíp mme Dúòp ye/mme Ínàañ)

Ibibio names are traditionally significant, often carrying deep meanings and cultural relevance. These names are typically given for various reasons, including the circumstances of birth, family history, and the spiritual or moral qualities parents hope to impart to their children. Below are some notable Ibibio names and their meanings.

Family Positions:

• Akpan: "First son"
• Udo: "Second son"
• Etukudo: "Third son"
• Udọsen: "Fourth son"
• Adiaha: "First daughter"
• Ññwa: "Second daughter"
• Ete: "Father"
• Eka: "Mother"
• Eka- Ete- /eka: eka-ete (mother of father/paternal grandmother) ete-ete (father of father/paternal grandfather)
• Ekam: Grandmother (general)
• Etebom: Grandfather (general)
• Eyen/Ayin- eka Owoden: Brother
• Eyen/Ayin -eka Owowan: Sister
• Ebe: Husand
• Anwan: Wife
• Eyin Eyen Eka - Niece/Nephew
• Eyin ette/eka - Step brother/sister
• Eyeyin - Grand child

More familiar names can be built on common root words. (e.g. eyin-eka/ayin-eka ekam [child of mother (sibling) of grandmother (general) = grand-uncle/aunty]).

Common names:

• Idoreyin: "Hope"
• Ukeme: "Ability"
• Ayanime: "Long-lasting patience"
• Itohowo: "Not of human"
• Imoh: "Rich, wealthy"
• Abasiakan: "God forbid"
• Abasi-akara: "God is in control"
• Mmedăra: "I rejoice"
• Utomobong: "the handiwork of God"/ "God's work"
• Ekom: "Thanksgiving"
• Bāk Abàsi: "Fear God"
• Idaraobong: "God's Joy"
• Idọñesid/Idongesit: "Comfort"
• Itooro/Itoro: "Praise"
• Mfon - Grace
• Mfoniso - Favour
• Mbọdidem/Mboutidem: "Faith"
• Uduak-Abasi: "God's Will"
• Edikan - Victory
• Nsikak-Abasi: What is hard for God?
• Toiyo-Abasi - "Remember God"
• Inemesit - "Happiness"

The following Ibibio proverbs with English translations come from The Sayings of the Wise: Ibibio Proverbs and Idioms by Anietie Akpabio, published in 1899.^[8]

• "Ekpo ufɔk ɔkɔbɔ owo." "Trouble often begins at home."
• "Eto keet isikabake akai." "One tree does not make a forest."
• "Ikpat eka unen isiwotdo nditɔ." "A hen's feet cannot kill the chickens (i.e. the mother's actions are never meant to be harmful to the children)."
• "Ekpo atua ekpo". "One who mocks another may hide their own troubles."
• "Idop, idop ewa, enye ata ɔkpɔ unam." "It is a quiet dog that eats the fattest bone."
• "Ofum ese ekpep eto unek." "The wind teaches the tree how to dance (i.e. someone's action that generates good will in another person)."

• Ibibio kasahorow – language resources, including dictionary, books and proverbs.
• Bachmann's Master Thesis, Paper, Presentation
• BOSS-IBB documentation v0.1-r4
• ELAR Documentation of Dirge songs among the Urban people [Efik, Ibibio]
• ELAR Documentation of documenting drums and drum language in Ibibio traditional ceremonies