Hadash
Hadash, officially the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality, is a left-wing to far-left political coalition in Israel formed by the Communist Party of Israel (Maki) and other groups.
Hadash חד״ש | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hebrew name | החזית הדמוקרטית לשלום ולשוויון |
| Arabic name | الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة |
| Secretary | Amjad Shbita |
| Founded | 7 March 1977 |
| Merger of | Rakah Aki Shasi[1] Black Panthers (partial) Other Arab and left-wing groups[2] |
| Headquarters | Haifa, Israel Nazareth, Israel |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Left-wing[9] to far-left[10] |
| National affiliation | Joint List (2015–2019; 2020–2022) |
| Colors | Red and Green |
| Knesset | 4 / 120 |
| Election symbol | |
| ו | |
| Website | |
| www.hadash.org.il | |
Hadash,[a] officially the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality,[b] is a left-wing to far-left political coalition in Israel formed by the Communist Party of Israel (Maki) and other groups.
History
[edit]Foundation and original program
[edit]Hadash was formally established on 7 March 1977 in Tel Aviv,[11][12][13][14] following a resolution by the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of Israel (Rakah) held in December 1976,[12][15] in preparation for the 1977 elections. The congress called for a "broad front of all peace-loving and democratic forces" to provide a political alternative to the ruling Labor and Likud blocs.[15] The coalition adopted the Hebrew letter "Vav" (ו) as its electoral sign.[12][11]
The founding member organizations and adhering groups included:[12][16][17][14]
- The Communist Party of Israel (Rakah)
- The Black Panthers of Charlie Biton's faction (several others in Saadia Marciano's faction joined the Left Camp of Israel)
- Elected local officials from Arab towns and villages
- The Israeli Left Socialists (Shasi)[18][19]
- Members of various kibbutzim
- The Israeli Communist Opposition (Aki), which had been founded by former Maki leader Esther Vilenska prior to her death in 1975, and was later joined by Shmuel Mikunis.[14][20][21]
- A circle of academics, including Daniel Amit and other public figures.[12][22][14]
The coalition was organized under a central directing board representing all component parts to manage the election campaign and ensure ongoing cooperation.[12][11][13] The founding declaration established a "minimum program" consisting of six core principles:[11][12][16][13]
- Just and stable peace: A settlement based on the total withdrawal of Israel from territories occupied in 1967, recognition of the Palestinian people's right to self-determination and an independent state alongside Israel, and the participation of the PLO as the recognized representative of the Palestinian people in the Geneva Peace Conference.
- Workers' rights: Defense of the interests of workers in production and services, and the rights of residents in impoverished urban neighborhoods.
- Equality for Arab citizens: The elimination of all forms of national discrimination and the recognition of the Arab population in Israel as a national minority with secure equal rights.
- Elimination of ethnic discrimination: An end to communal discrimination against Mizrahi Jews, supported by the allocation of special funds to raise their socio-economic and cultural status.
- Democratic freedoms: The protection and expansion of democratic freedoms against the threat of right-wing or fascist forces.
- Women's rights and secularism: Securing full equal rights for women, the cancellation of discriminatory legislation, and the prevention of religious coercion to ensure freedom of opinion and faith.
Current formation
[edit]While Hadash was founded as a broad political alliance, most of its original non-communist constituent groups eventually left the coalition or fizzled out over time. The Black Panthers faction led by Charlie Biton, for example, broke away from Hadash during the 12th Knesset on 25 December 1990 to establish an independent parliamentary faction.[23] Similarly, the Israeli Communist Opposition (Aki) gradually waned following the deaths of its principal leaders, Esther Vilenska (d. 1975) and Shmuel Mikunis (d. 1982).
Today, the structure of the Hadash coalition revolves mainly around the Communist Party of Israel and its affiliated mass organizations, alongside independent left-wing activists. The current constituent groups comprising the Front are:
- Maki (The Communist Party of Israel)
- Banki / YCLI (The Young Communist League of Israel), which serves as the youth wing of Maki.[24][25]
- Tandi (Movement of Democratic Women in Israel), an affiliated socialist feminist organization.[24][26][27]
- The Druze Initiative Committee, a leftist Druze organization, opposed the conscription of Druze into the Israel Defense Force and actively assists conscientious objectors.[28][29][30][31][32]
- Independent non-partisan Jewish and Arab public figures, academics, activists and municipal leaders who run on the Hadash list, or support it's aims, but are not formal card-carrying members of the Communist Party.[24][33][34][35]
From 2008 to 2017, the joint Arab-Jewish social movement Tarabut Hithabrut operated as a faction within Hadash. The organization aimed to bridge the divide in Israeli oppositional politics by connecting campaigns against the occupation with domestic struggles for social justice and equality.[36][37][38][39]
In January 2015, former Knesset speaker Avraham Burg joined Hadash.[40]
In 2018, Hadash activists were involved in creating joint Jewish-Arab anti-occupation movement Standing Together.[41]
Electoral history
[edit]In its first electoral test, Hadash won five seats, an increase of one from Rakah's four.[42] But in the next elections in 1981 the party was reduced to four seats. It maintained its four seats in the 1984 elections, gaining another MK when Muhammed Wattad defected from Mapam in 1988. The 1988 election resulted in another four-seat haul, though the party lost a seat when Charlie Biton broke away to establish Black Panthers as an independent faction on 25 December 1990. The 1992 elections saw the party remain at three seats.[42]
In the 1996 elections the party ran a joint list with Balad. Together they won five seats, but split during the Knesset term,[43][23] with Hadash reduced to three seats. The 1999 elections saw them maintain three seats, with Barakeh and Issam Makhoul replacing Ahmad Sa'd and Saleh Saleem.[42]
In the 2003 elections Hadash ran on another joint list, this time with Ahmed Tibi's Ta'al. The list won three seats,[44] but again split during the parliamentary session, leaving Hadash with two MKs, Barakeh and Makhoul.[23]
In the 2006 elections Hadash won three seats, with Hana Sweid and Dov Khenin entering the Knesset alongside Barakeh. The party won an additional seat in the 2009 elections, taken by Afu Agbaria.[42]
In the 2013 elections, Hadash maintained its four seats, with Barakeh, Khenin, Sweid, and Agbaria all returning to the Knesset.[42]
Ahead of the 2015 elections, Hadash joined forces with Balad, Ta'al, and the United Arab List to form the Joint List. As part of this broader alliance, Hadash increased its representation to five seats, introducing new MKs such as Ayman Odeh, Aida Touma-Suleiman, and Yousef Jabareen, alongside veteran Dov Khenin.[45]
The Joint List temporarily fractured prior to the April 2019 elections, leading Hadash to run on a joint ticket with Ta'al. This alliance secured Hadash four seats, with Ofer Cassif entering the Knesset.[44] The Joint List was subsequently re-established for the September 2019 and 2020 elections, yielding five seats for Hadash in both rounds. In the 2021 elections, Hadash's representation within the Joint List was reduced to three seats, held by Odeh, Touma-Suleiman, and Cassif.[45]
For the 2022 elections, Hadash once again ran on a unified list with Ta'al, winning four seats. On 23 June 2025, Hadash MK Youssef Atauna resigned from the Knesset as part of a rotation agreement and was replaced by Ta'al MK Samir Bin Said.[44][46]
Policies and ideology
[edit]
Hadash is a left-wing party that has supported a socialist economy[47] and workers' rights.[needs update] It emphasizes Jewish–Arab cooperation, and its leaders were among the first to support a two-state solution. Its voters are principally middle-class and secular Arabs, many from the north and Christian communities.[48] It also drew 6,000–10,000 far-left[verification needed] Jewish voters during national elections in the 2010s.[49][needs update]
| Part of a series on |
| Socialism in Israel |
|---|
 |
The party supports evacuation of all Israeli settlements, a complete withdrawal by Israel from all territories occupied as a result of the Six-Day War, and the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It also supports the right of return or compensation for Palestinian refugees. In addition to issues of peace and security, Hadash is known for being active on social and environmental issues.[50][unreliable source?] In keeping with socialist ideals, Hadash's environmental platform, led in the 2010s by Maki official Dov Khenin,[51] calls for the nationalization of Israel's gas, mineral, and oil reserves.[52][needs update]
Hadash has called for the recognition of Palestinian Arabs as a national minority within Israel.[53] It has in recent times included elements of Arab nationalism in its platform.[54]
Hadash shifted to a more Arab nationalist appeal after running on a joint list with Ta'al in 2003.[55]
In 2015, Hadash declared its support for international campaigns against companies operating in the occupied Palestinian territories.[56]
Controversy
[edit]On 1 November 2009, then party leader Mohammad Barakeh was indicted on four counts for events that occurred between April 2005 and July 2007: assault and interfering with a policeman in the line of duty, assault on a photographer, insulting a public servant, and attacking an official who was discharging his legal duty.[57][58] The charges related to his role in a protest against Israeli government policy, and were considered controversial mainly by those who opposed such protests.[citation needed]
Election results
[edit]
Leaders
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2025) |
- Meir Vilner, chairman (1977–1992)[59][60]
- Tawfiq Ziad, chairman (1992–1994)[61]
- Saleh Saleem, chairman (1996–1999)
- Tawfik Toubi, secretary-general (1989–1993)[62][63]
- Mohammad Barakeh, secretary-general (1993–1999), chairman (1999–2015)[64][65][66]
- Odeh Bisharat, secretary-general (1999-2006)[67][68][69][70]
- Ayman Odeh, secretary-general (2006–2015)[71][64][72], chairman (2015–2023)[73]
- Mansour Dahamshe, secretary-general (2015-2023)[74][75][76]
- Issam Makhoul, chairman (2023-2025)[77][78][79]
- Amjad Shbita, secretary-general (2023-present)[80][81][82]
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Hebrew name Hadash (Hebrew: חד״ש, lit. 'New') is an abbreviation of HaHazit HaDemokratit LeShalom VeLeShivion, lit. 'The Democratic Front for Peace and Equality'. Its Arabic name al-Jabhah ad-Dimuqrāṭiyyah lis-Salām wal-Musāwāt is abbreviated Aljabha, lit. 'Front'
- ^ Hebrew: החזית הדמוקרטית לשלום ולשוויון; Arabic: الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة
References
[edit]- ^ "Shasi on Zionism". Israel & Palestine Monthly Review (65). January 1978. Retrieved 31 December 2025 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ Gregory Moore (2008). Spencer C. Tucker) (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 276. ISBN 978-1851098415.
In the Knesset elections held on March 28, 2006, Hadash, a far-left coalition made up of the Israeli Communist Party and other leftist groups, garnered three Knesset seats (out of 120).
- ^ Sharon Weinblum (2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
- ^ Carol Migdalovitz (18 May 2006). "Israel: Background and Relations with the United States]" (PDF). CRS Issue Brief for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ [3][4]
- ^ Sunil K. Choudhary (2017). The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems: A Study of Israel and India. Springer. p. 240. ISBN 9789811051753.
- ^ "Israel Election Results: Arab Leaders Herald High Turnout as Victory Over Netanyahu". Haaretz. 18 September 2019.
- ^ Yifat Gutman. Memory Activism: Reimagining the Past for the Future in Israel-Palestine. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 92.
- ^ [7][8]
- ^ Shmuel Sandler; Manfred Gerstenfeld; Jonathan Rynhold (18 October 2013). Israel at the Polls 2006. Routledge. p. 281. ISBN 9781317969921. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Communist Party of Israel, Central Committee (2 March 1977). "Invitation to Discussion of the Formation of Hadash". Israeli Left Archives.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Jewish-Arab Democratic Front for Peace and Equality" (PDF). Jewish Affairs (March-April 1977). CPUSA. March–April 1977. Retrieved 9 March 2026 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c "A Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) Has Been formed ". Israeli Left Archives. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ a b c d "The establishment of a front initiated by Rakah was signed". Davar. 8 March 1977. p. 3.
- ^ a b 18th Congress - Communist Party of Israel (PDF). Communist Party of Israel. 1976. pp. 178–1279.
- ^ a b Burstein, Uzi. "The Democratic Front for Peace and Equality" (PDF). Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Ofer, Kenig; Rahat, Gideon (2023). Political Parties in Israel, 1992-2021 (PDF). Israel Democracy Institute. p. 363.
- ^ "Shasi on Zionism". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Konrad, Edo (28 May 2020). "Splintered but not broken: A history of Israel's independent left". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Kotler, Yair (18 July 1980). "Rakah: Arab Majority that worships Moscow". Ma'ariv. p. 22.
- ^ "Mikunis has left Maki". Davar. 2 May 1975. p. 3.
- ^ "Rekakh and the 18th Conference" (PDF). Israel & Palestine Monthly Review. February 1977.
- ^ a b c "Mergers and Splits Among Parliamentary Groups". The Knesset. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ a b c "Jewish-Arab Demonstration in Tel-Aviv Marks 54 Years of Occupation". Communist Party of Israel. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
Among the signatories of the above declaration: Hadash, CPI, Young Communist League of Israel, ... Democratic Women Movement of Israel – TANDI
- ^ "חד"ש | מזכ"ל ברית הנוער הקומוניסטי הישראלי החדש שאדי נסאר: לחיזוק המאבק המעמדי המשותף". Hadash. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "חד"ש | מועצת חד"ש הארצית: קריאה לאיחוד כוחות במאבק נגד הכיבוש, הגזעות והפשיזם". Hadash. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ CPI. "Movement of the Democratic Women in Israel: A Political Solution is Needed". Communist Party of Israel. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Rofeh, Sharon (24 November 2001). "יוזמה לביטול חובת גיוס של דרוזים" [Initiative to abolish compulsory military service for Druze]. Ynet (in Hebrew).
- ^ Telgam, Asaf (31 July 2025). "שיחה עם ד"ר עבדאללה אבו-מערוף: הדרוזים בסווידא בין ישראל לא-שרע". Zo HaDerekh (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "חד"ש | ועד היוזמה הדרוזי קורא להתגייס להצלחת הרשימה המשותפת". Hadash. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Telgam, Asaf (5 July 2023). "לעצור את האסון הסביבתי: ריאיון עם ד"ר אבו עבדאללה אבו מערוף מוועד היוזמה הדרוזי". Zo HaDerekh (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Matar, Haggai (10 January 2016). "סרבנית מצפון בדרך לכלא: עשרות הפגינו בתמיכה בכניסה לבסיס תל השומר". Local Call (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "Radical Bloc", Wikipedia, 19 February 2026, retrieved 9 March 2026
- ^ Sheizaf, Noam (5 January 2013). "Vote for Arab-Jewish parties, or don't vote at all". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Maltz, Judy. "Meet the Israeli Jews who will vote for the Arab ticket". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 30 May 2025. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "About Us | Hithabrut - Tarabut". Archived from the original on 27 December 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ "חד"ש – חזית דמוקרטית לשלום ושוויון (המפלגה הקומוניסטית הישראלית – תראבוט וחוגי ציבור ערבים ויהודים)" [Hadash – Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Israeli Communist Party – Tarabut and Arab and Jewish public circles)]. Knesset (in Hebrew). Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ Matar, Hagi (14 October 2015). "אלפים הפגינו בסכנין: נגד מדיניות הממשלה, נגד שימוש באלימות" [Thousands protested in Sakhnin: against government policy, against the use of violence]. Local Call (in Hebrew). Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ Khoury, Jack. "מתחזקת הביקורת על יישום הסכם הרוטציה בין מפלגות הרשימה המשותפת" [Criticism of the implementation of the rotation agreement between the Joint List parties is intensifying]. Haaretz (in Hebrew).
- ^ "Former Knesset speaker Burg joins far-left Jewish-Arab party Hadash". The Jerusalem Post. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ Leifer, Joshua (9 April 2018). "The new Jewish-Arab movement that plans to save the Israeli left". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
- ^ a b c d e "Hadash". Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "Hadash-Balad". Knesset. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Hadash-Ta'al". Knesset. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b "The Joint List". Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ a b Sam Sokol (18 June 2025). "Hadash MK Youssef Atauna submits resignation letter under rotation agreement". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
- ^ Deborah Sontag (19 May 1999). "The Israeli Vote: The Politics; Israeli Is Weighing a Broad Coalition to Further Peace". The New York Times. p. A12. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Matti Friedman (16 January 2013). "Coexistence, despite everything". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Judy Maltz (12 March 2015). "Meet the Israeli Jews who will vote for the Arab ticket". Haaretz.
- ^ "Hadash". Zionism and Israel – Encyclopedic Dictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
- ^ Sharon Udasin (6 March 2015). "It's tough to be green: Parties outline their platforms". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Zafrir Rinat (20 December 2012). "It's the environment, stupid". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Hadash is adhering to its socialist origins and asking to nationalize the gas, mineral and oil reserves.
- ^ "Hadash Election Manifesto 2006" (in Hebrew). Hadash. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- ^ Lior, Ilan (16 January 2013). "MK Dov Khenin: Netanyahu government is dangerous for Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
It has also spearheaded Knesset legislation on environmental issues (it describes itself as red-green).
- ^ Danny Rabinowitz (22 July 2004). "Whither Arab Israeli parties?". Haaretz. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ Jack Khoury (9 June 2015). "Arab-Jewish party declares support for boycotting firms in settlements". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ Gil Ronen (1 November 2009). "Criminal Charges Against Arab MK Barakeh". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ Dan Izenberg (1 November 2009). "Hadash MK indicted for assault while demonstrating against state". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "מאיר וילנר: ביוגרפיה" [Meir Vilner: Biography]. Marxists Internet Archive (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Elbaz, Sagi (14 July 2015). RETHINKINGISRAELIJOURNALISM: Core Values & Media Revolution. Israel Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-885881-43-4.
- ^ Hussein, Godot (15 April 2019). Israel - The Apartheid State Jan-April 2019. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-244-77748-7.
- ^ Jonathan Lis; Jack Khoury (13 March 2011). "Last member of Israel's first Knesset dies at 89". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ YShilo. "Veteran communist leader Tawfik Toubi is dead | Communist Party of Israel". Communist Party of Israel. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ a b CPI. "Ayman Odeh Wins First Spot in Hadash Elections List after MK Barakeh Withdraws | Communist Party of Israel". Retrieved 23 February 2026.
- ^ "Mohammad Barakeh". Knesset.
- ^ "Barakeh: Olmert gov't can't advance peace". Ynet. 6 May 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ הוועידה ה-24 [24 Congress] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Communist Party of Israel Central Committee (published 2004). October 2002. p. 3.
- ^ Peter, Dani. "שתי הערות לאחר הבחירות הרעות". The Left Bank (in Hebrew). Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ "'A Jew who only arrived yesterday to Israel is more of a landlord than you'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 December 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ ""להפסיק את האש לפני שיהיה מאוחר"". Ynet (in Hebrew). 7 August 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ CPI. "Hadash-Ta'al Head Ayman Odeh to Leave Knesset". Communist Party of Israel. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "Knesset Member Ayman Odeh". Knesset.
- ^ Khoury, Jack (17 January 2015). "Aiman Ouda elected as Hadash chairman after Barakeh withdraws". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
- ^ "מנצור דהאמשה נבחר לתפקיד מזכיר חד"ש; ח"כ עודה יתרכז בפעילות הפרלמנטרית | המפלגה הקומוניסטית הישראלית". CPI (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ הדרך", מערכת "זו (28 January 2021). "מרכיבי הרשימה המשותפת לא הגיעו להבנות; מזכיר חד"ש: לא נתפשר על עקרונות". Zo HaDerekh (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "Arab Joint List in Israel set to split ahead of March election". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "עיסאם מח'ול - קורות חיים". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Edit (26 December 2025). "Former Hadash MK Issam Makhoul dies at 72". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ Telgam, Assaf (28 December 2023). "ריאיון עם יו"ר חד"ש עיסאם מח'ול: מאבק משולב במלחמה ובפשיזם". Zo HaDerekh (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ הדרך", מערכת "זו (18 March 2023). "אמג'ד שביטה נבחר לתפקיד מזכיר חד"ש: מחויבים למאבק בממשלת הימין הפשיסטית". Zo HaDerekh (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ "חד"ש | מזכיר חד"ש אמג'ד שביטה נחקר במשטרה בגלל התבטאויותיו נגד המלחמה". Hadash. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
- ^ HaDerekh, Zo (11 December 2023). "Israeli police attempt to block Hadash convention, claim progressive group 'endangers public'". People's World. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
Further reading
[edit]- Sharon Roffe-Ofir (12 May 2008). "Hadash leader: Elections are between enlightened, conservative". Ynetnews.
- "Israel: An interview with Hadash MP and communist Dov Khenin". Links. 8 March 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
- "Class Struggle in Jerusalem: An Interview with Hadash's Oren Feld". [Communisty Party of Israel] המפלגה הקומוניסטית הישראלית. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
- "Hadash's take on "two states"". Workers' Liberty. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
External links
[edit]
- Official website (in English, Arabic, Hebrew, and Russian)
- Hadash Knesset website
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
