Great refusal

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (June 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

The great refusal (Italian: il gran rifiuto) is the error attributed in Dante's Inferno to one of the souls found trapped aimlessly at the Vestibule of Hell.^[1][2] The phrase is usually believed to refer to Pope Celestine V and his laying down of the papacy on the grounds of age, though it is occasionally taken as referring to Esau, Diocletian, or Pontius Pilate, with some arguing that Dante would not have condemned a canonized saint.^[a][3] Dante may have deliberately conflated some or all of these figures in the unnamed shade.^{[citation needed]}

Dante's view that one could be unworthy of redemption, yet insufficiently evil for Hell, has been described by some scholars as "theologically dubious".^[4] However, behind Dante's adverse judgement of Celestine was the Thomist concept of recusatio tensionis, the unvirtuous refusal of a task that is within one's natural powers.^[5]: 42

Petrarch disagreed with Dante's appraisal. He believed that Celestine's adoption of the contemplative life was a virtuous act.^[5]: 44 It was an early modern instance of the tension between lives of action and contemplation: the vita activa and the vita contemplativa.^[6]

• Critic Northrop Frye considered that "the 'gran refiuto', the voluntary surrender of one's appointed function, is a frequent source of tragedy in Shakespeare."^[7] He suggests that Lear's Division of the Kingdoms is an example of this.
• Alfred North Whitehead used the phrase great refusal for the determination not to succumb to the facticity of things as they are—to favour instead the imagination of the ideal.^[8]
• Herbert Marcuse took up Whitehead's concept to call for a refusal of the consumer society in the name of the liberating powers of art.^[9]
• Jacques Le Goff considered that "the 'hippie' movement is indicative of the permanent character—re-emerging at precise historical conjunctures—of the adepts of the gran rifiuto".^[10]
• C. P. Cavafy wrote a poem titled "Che fece .... il gran rifiuto" where he supports those who make the great refusal at personal cost because they are doing the right thing.^[11]