Fucking Machines
Fucking Machines (also known as fuckingmachines.com and fuckingmachines) is a pornographic website founded in 2000 that features video and photographs of women engaged in autoerotic sexual stimulation with penetrative sex-machines and sex toys. Based in San Francisco, California, the site is operated by Kink.com. Web entrepreneur Peter Acworth launched Fucking Machines on September 25, 2000, as his company's second website after Kink.com. Devices shown on the site were created with the intent to bring women authentic orgasms. Performers were instructed to allow themselves to be recorded experiencing pleasure. After the site applied in 2005 to trademark the phrase "fuckingmachines", the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) denied the application and ruled that the mark was obscene. Free speech lawyer Marc Randazza represented the site and appealed the decision. Orlando Weekly called his legal brief "one of the most entertaining legal documents you're likely to come across." The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated. Randazza's argument in the case became known as The Fuck Brief. The website has been the subject of attention from journalists and academics studying sexuality. Writer Regina Lynn highlighted the site's emphasis on communication, and Annalee Newitz of AlterNet classed it as part of Porn 2.0. Violet Blue wrote in The Adventurous Couple's Guide to Sex Toys that it helped popularize the idea of machines aiding in sex acts. The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices as disturbing. Jessica Roy wrote for The New York Observer that Fucking Machines' examples of orgasms were a form of transhumanism. Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon in Screening the Dark Side of Love: From Euro-Horror to American Cinema, titled "Fucking Machines: High-Tech Bodies in Pornography". She observed, "Strictly speaking, the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled."
 Logo | |
Website banner  Top banner for website | |
Type of site | Autoerotic; Internet pornography |
|---|---|
| Available in | English |
| Owner | Kink.com |
| Created by | Peter Acworth |
| URL | Official website |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Required |
| Users | 10,900 visitors per day[1] |
| Launched | September 25, 2000[2] |
| Current status | Active |
Fucking Machines (also known as fuckingmachines.com and fuckingmachines) is a pornographic website founded in 2000 that features video and photographs of women engaged in autoerotic sexual stimulation with penetrative sex-machines and sex toys. Based in San Francisco, California, the site is operated by Kink.com. Web entrepreneur Peter Acworth launched Fucking Machines on September 25, 2000, as his company's second website after Kink.com. Devices shown on the site were created with the intent to bring women authentic orgasms. Performers were instructed to allow themselves to be recorded experiencing pleasure.
After the site applied in 2005 to trademark the phrase "fuckingmachines", the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) denied the application and ruled that the mark was obscene. Free speech lawyer Marc Randazza represented the site and appealed the decision. Orlando Weekly called his legal brief "one of the most entertaining legal documents you're likely to come across."[3] The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated. Randazza's argument in the case became known as The Fuck Brief.
The website has been the subject of attention from journalists and academics studying sexuality. Writer Regina Lynn highlighted the site's emphasis on communication, and Annalee Newitz of AlterNet classed it as part of Porn 2.0. Violet Blue wrote in The Adventurous Couple's Guide to Sex Toys that it helped popularize the idea of machines aiding in sex acts. The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices as disturbing. Jessica Roy wrote for The New York Observer that Fucking Machines' examples of orgasms were a form of transhumanism. Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon in Screening the Dark Side of Love: From Euro-Horror to American Cinema, titled "Fucking Machines: High-Tech Bodies in Pornography". She observed, "Strictly speaking, the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled."[4]
History
[edit]Film production
[edit]
Peter Acworth founded Fucking Machines as the second website within his company Cybernet Entertainment, Inc., and it launched on September 25, 2000.[3][5] Cybernet Entertainment subsequently began to use the name Kink.com for business purposes.[3] The director and webmaster of the site, who uses the professional name Tomcat, received a university degree in film and media, and had experience with filmmaking and operating the sex-machines.[5][6] He began work at Kink.com as a production assistant.[5] He focused his direction style on filming the female participants experiencing sincere pleasure from the machines.[5]
The site features machines designed to bring women orgasms.[4] Sarah Schaschek noted in Screening the Dark Side of Love that the majority of the film production crew members were female.[4] Across its websites, Kink.com formed a values statement and set of guidelines for directors and performers, taking preventative measures against victimization.[7] The site production staff developed a practice of interviewing performers both before and after the film sessions.[8] Models appearing on Fucking Machines film shoots are instructed to be authentic and experience pleasure from the machines without acting.[9]
In 2007, Fucking Machines relocated with the other Kink.com sites to the San Francisco Armory.[3][10] Film shoots take place in the basement of the Armory.[11] Fucking Machines was featured at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada, with a marketing tagline, "Sex at 350 rpm".[12] They published a book that demonstrated inventions including "The Drilldo" and "The Double Crane".[12] A device called the "Cunnilingus Machine", which incorporated rubber tongues on a moving chain apparatus, was featured in 2007 as part of the Adult Treasure Expo in Japan at the Makuhari Messe convention center.[13] The Arse Elektronika sex and technology seminar, held in October 2007 in San Francisco, California, featured a robot from Fucking Machines called "Fuckzilla" in a live performance with one of the expo attendees.[14] Kink.com signed a deal in 2007 with Pulse Distribution to sell material from Fucking Machines and its other sites to consumers in a DVD format.[15] The first DVD distributed by the site in 2008 was titled Fucking Machines Volume 1 and featured 211 minutes of material with performers Aliana Love, Michah Moore, Lexi Love, and Sasha Grey.[16]
By 2009 the website included 50 devices in its films.[17] A 2009 article in SF Weekly was critical of the California state government for directing tax revenue towards classes on film production which were attended by Fucking Machines video editors.[18] This article, in turn, was criticized by TheSword.com[19] and characterized as "prudishness" by SFist[20] and the San Francisco Bay Guardian.[19]
The website asserts to its visitors that all performers engaged in sexual activities depicted in the videos appear of their own volition and feel bliss and gratification from the experience.[21] The majority of new entrants to the adult film industry enjoyed their work with Fucking Machines because they discovered it was more socially acceptable to perform with a sexual device, rather than a human partner.[22] Public relations manager for Kink.com Thomas Roche observed in a 2009 interview that Fucking Machines did not have a focus on BDSM material.[23] In September 2010 the site had a live filming with an audience of 40 spectators, followed by the introduction in November 2010 of an interactive format in which viewers could watch shoots and recommend devices for the participants.[24] By 2012 the site had 500 hours of archival footage with adult film performers, including Alexis Texas, Flower Tucci, and Sasha Grey.[25] As of January 1, 2020 the site has stopped posting new videos.
Trademark appeal
[edit]Fucking Machines filed a request in July 2005 to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to secure its intellectual property rights for the mark "fuckingmachines", having met the first standard that the word was not in use by any other entity.[3][26] The site became involved in a trademark dispute when the USPTO refused to grant a trademark for the name of the site, asserting that it was obscene.[3] The case for Fucking Machines' use of the mark was handled by free speech attorney Marc Randazza.[3]
The decision of the U.S. government was determined by lawyer Michael Engel, who ruled: "Registration is refused because the proposed mark consists of or comprises immoral or scandalous matter. The term 'fucking' is an offensive and vulgar reference to the act of sex. ... A mark that is deemed scandalous ... is not registrable."[3][27] The USPTO based its rejection on a 1905 statute.[28] It had previously refused the applications of 39 marks for using the word "fuck" and five marks for using the word "fucking".[3][27] Requests to trademark terms including "shit" had been turned down by the USPTO 50 times, and a mark using "cunt" was rejected.[3] Trademarks including the word "ass" had been accepted 135 times, and the word "bitch" was approved in several trademarks as well.[3][27]
In response to the USPTO decision in the case, Randazza stated, "The trademark office has gone off the deep end with 2(a) rejections."[3][27] Section 2(a), 15 USC §1052(a) disallows requests for marks that have "immoral, deceptive, or scandalous matter".[3][28]
Cybernet Entertainment, LLC, filed an "amendment and response to office action" of the USPTO decision in August 2006.[3] Randazza introduced his brief with: "The Applicant respectfully challenges this characterization of the word 'fucking' and its allegedly 'offensive and vulgar' root: 'fuck'."[3] Orlando Weekly commented on Randazza's brief in the case: "Randazza ... is frequently involved in free-speech cases – is fighting the federal government for your right to trademark any dirty word you please. And his filing in the case is one of the most entertaining legal documents you're likely to come across."[3] Randazza's argument in the case came to be known as The Fuck Brief.[29][30]
Randazza argued:
[T]his much maligned four-letter word has no intrinsic meaning. Fuck [can] play a role as a figurative term, for example, "to fuck" can also mean "to deceive." It is a word of force that can assist us in our expressions of joy when used as an infix, as in "abso-fucking-lutely". "Fuck" helps us express rage when we scream "fuck you" at a football referee, or at a motorist who has just cut us off in traffic. "Fuck" can help us express pain, as it is quite frequently the first thing out of most men's mouths when they strike their thumb (accidentally) with a hammer. "Fuck" is a vehicle for our disappointment, when we see that our report card is not as good as we had hoped, or when our significant other is late for dinner, or leaves us altogether. "Fuck" is an old friend, who can always make us laugh.[3][27]
Randazza explained to Orlando Weekly that he used the word "fuck" routinely throughout his brief as part of his argument that the term is used in a variety of ways.[3][28] He cited related terms, including "fuck-me boots", and frequent use of the word "fuck" in films including Wedding Crashers, Casino, and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.[3]
The reply by Engel for the USPTO acknowledged the routine use of the word, and simultaneously asserted its scandalous nature: "Although the word is frequently used, it still is considered shocking in most formal or polite situations. For example, the word is bleeped out on basic cable, and broadcasters can be fined by the FCC for letting the word go out on the airwaves."[3] He argued that the word was restricted in the workplace and by government regulations.[3]
Randazza filed an appeal on June 5, 2007, and the matter was scheduled for a hearing before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.[3][28] Acworth told Orlando Weekly he considered ceasing appeals when the mark had initially been rejected by the USPTO.[3] He said he was not intending to be the adult industry's representative for First Amendment rights.[27] Acworth stated to Orlando Weekly, "Marc talked me into it. I'm not normally this sort of person. Marc thought he had a pretty good shot at it. I'm really going on his advice. ... I have no real agenda with it."[3]
Adult entertainment attorney Robert Apgood stated he agreed with the actions of Acworth and Randazza.[27] Apgood pointed out he had observed a significant increase in applications to the USPTO that were rejected because their potential trademarks were deemed "scandalous" by the government.[27] He stated, "It's really quite unfortunate that the executive branch is now reaching deep into the machinations of government to further its 'legislation of morality' agenda. It is truly encouraging to see the likes of Acworth and Randazza take up this sorely needed fight."[27] The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated.[31] The application status was last listed as "abandoned" for failure to respond by the appealing party.[31]
Analysis
[edit]Advice columnist Dan Savage recommended the site in 2004 for readers interested in learning more about sex-machines.[32] In the 2005 book edited by Carly Milne Naked Ambition, writer Regina Lynn commented on the site's emphasis on communication.[33] Author Timothy Archibald consulted the operators behind Fucking Machines for research on his book Sex Machines: Photographs and Interviews.[34]
Annalee Newitz of AlterNet visited the set of Fucking Machines in 2006 and classed the production as part of the phenomenon of Porn 2.0.[6][a] Author Violet Blue wrote in her 2006 book The Adventurous Couple's Guide to Sex Toys, "Fucking Machines put machine sex on the map and into the popular consciousness, paving the way for a few individual companies to mass produce somewhat affordable sex-machines that couples and individuals can purchase and use at home."[35]
In her 2007 book Naked on the Internet, author Audacia Ray wrote of the fucking machines: "In the fusion of female sexuality and technology, the curious and enthralling thing about these toys is the way in which they cast sexuality and technology together in a near miasma of technophobia and technofetishism."[5][37] Jon Mooallem of The New York Times Magazine described the website as "dedicated entirely to women having sex with large and distressingly elaborate machines."[38] In an article for Wired News, Regina Lynn noted that the presence of Fucking Machines at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo was a move to the mainstream for the website: "The website has been around for years, in that grey area of 'indie internet kink' the Industry doesn't quite understand. Yet this year it is smack dab in the middle of the mainstream porn."[39]
Bonnie Ruberg of The Village Voice wrote in a 2008 article that Fucking Machines replaces the insecurity men feel about vibrators and transform it into a turn-on.[5] The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices on the site as harrowing.[21] In his 2009 book From Aches to Ecstasy, author Arnold P. Abbott commented of the devices used by the site: "Fucking Machines are mechanical marvels which had to be invented by the Marquis De Sade himself."[40] He observed that some of the machines, "would seem to be replicas to those used during the Inquisition to extract false confessions".[40]
In a 2012 article for The New York Observer, journalist Jessica Roy characterized Fucking Machines' examples of orgasms as a form of transhumanism.[41][b] In the book Screening the Dark Side of Love: From Euro-Horror to American Cinema (2012), Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon, titled "Fucking Machines: High-Tech Bodies in Pornography".[4] Schaschek concluded,
While antipornography feminists usually criticize that female performers are visually and practically degraded by men in heterosexual pornography, it is hard to uphold such an impression in the FuckingMachines videos. Given that all pornography eroticizes difference, and given that sexual fantasies usually require clearly drawn roles of dominance and submission, the women of FuckingMachines seem to resist at least a few of these categories. ... Strictly speaking, the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled.[4]
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Whois. "Whois Web Hosting Information". Ns.myip.ms. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ WHOIS. "WhoIs Registration Check". Reviews.gcoupon.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Billman, Jeffrey C. (June 7, 2007). "Law & Jurisprudence: The F Bomb: A local lawyer teams up with a California porn king to fight for your right to trademark dirty". Orlando Weekly. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Schaschek, Sarah (2012). "Chapter 15: Fucking Machines: High-Tech Bodies in Pornography". In Ritzenhoff, Karen A.; Randell, Karen (eds.). Screening the Dark Side of Love: From Euro-Horror to American Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 211–225. ISBN 978-0-230-34154-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Ruberg, Bonnie (July 16, 2008). "The Man Behind the Fucking Machines". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b c Newitz, Annalee (May 16, 2006). "Sex & Relationships: Porn 2.0". AlterNet. alternet.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Monroe, Dave (2010). Porn – Philosophy for Everyone: How to Think With Kink. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4051-9962-9.
- ^ Christina, Eva (2011). "The Fetishes: King of Kink". The Book of Kink: Sex Beyond the Missionary. Penguin. p. Chapter Seven. ISBN 978-1-101-54509-6.
- ^ "PROFILE 200506 – CyberNet Bucks: Turning fetish into a fortune". AVN Magazine. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Taormino, Tristan (December 25, 2007). "Best and Worst of Sex 2007". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Barmann, Jay (May 16, 2011). "Kink.com Armory to Open Up for Use as 'Community Center'". SFist. San Francisco, California: sfist.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Silverberg, David (January 12, 2007). "Porn Convention Titilates Kinky Gadget Fans". Digital Journal. digitaljournal.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ McNicol, Tony (October 4, 2007). "NSFW Gallery: Blu-Ray Porn, Mechanized Masturbation and Upskirts at Japan's First Sex Show". Wired. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013.
- ^ Hartwell, Lane (October 6, 2007). "Underwire: Sex: 'So Who Wants to F**k a Robot?'". Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Sullivan, David (November 15, 2007). "Kink.com Signs Distribution Agreement with Pulse". AVN Magazine. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Garrett, Wade (August 11, 2008). "Kink.com Launches DVD Line: 'Fucking Machines' and 'Ultimate Surrender' Available through Pulse". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Woloshyn, Oz (October 9, 2009). "Rise of the machines". Yale Daily News. yaledailynews.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Smith, Matt (April 22, 2009). "Whipped and Gagged: Is government spending obscene? Well, it paid to train S&M filmmakers". SF Weekly. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b "SF Weekly Gets Kink.com Banned From CA Training Program". TheSword.com. April 23, 2009.
- ^ Barmann, Jay (April 23, 2009). "SF Weekly Shows Its Prudish Side Toward Kink.com". SFist. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. Kaffka. Oxford University Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
- ^ Grenzfurthner, Johannes; Thomas Ballhausen; Günther Friesinger; Daniel Fabry (2009). Do Androids Sleep With Electric Sheep?: Critical Perspectives on Sexuality and Pornography in Science and Social Fiction. Re/Search Publications. pp. 17, 21, 26, 108, 156. ISBN 978-1-889307-23-7.
- ^ Hymes, Tom (February 12, 2009). "Kink.com: Demystifying Alternative Sexuality". Xbiz Features. XBIZ. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Rodriguez, Ariana (November 2, 2010). "Kink's FuckingMachines Turns to Live Format Today". Xbiz News Report. XBIZ. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Johnson, Bob (March 21, 2012). "Kink.com Celebrates FuckingMachine's 12th Year With Revamp". Xbiz News Report. XBIZ. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Jardin, Xeni (June 11, 2007). "Alt-porn site can't trademark name, patent office says it's obscene". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Winter, Anne (June 12, 2007). "Kink.com Appeals URL Deemed 'Obscene'". Xbiz News Report. XBIZ. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Sullivan, David (June 11, 2007). "Patent Office Refuses Porn Site Trademark Due To 'Obscenity'". AVN Magazine. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ Bitter Success (December 7, 2009). "Marc Randazza: His Profane, Pornographic, Anti-Glenn Beck World". Bitter Lawyer. bitterlawyer.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ Coenen, Tracy (March 23, 2012). "Marc Randazza, First Amendment Lawyer". The Fraud Files Blog. sequenceinc.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ a b "Mark: FUCKINGMACHINES". Exparte Appeal. United States Patent and Trademark Office. April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Savage, Dan (November 5, 2004). "Not thinking about Bush". Savage Love. Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Milne, Carly (2005). Naked Ambition: Women Who Are Changing Pornography. Seal Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-0-7867-1590-9.
- ^ Jardin, Xeni (November 16, 2005). "The Sex Machines Next Door". Wired News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Blue, Violet (2006). The Adventurous Couple's Guide to Sex Toys. Cleis Press. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-1-57344-254-1.
- ^ Attwood, Feona (2009). Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. pp. 55, 66, 68, 69. ISBN 978-1433102073.
- ^ Ray, Audacia (2007). Naked on the Internet: Hookups, Downloads, and Cashing in on Internet Sexploration. Seal Press. pp. 249–251. ISBN 978-1580052092.
- ^ Mooallem, Jon (April 29, 2007). "A Disciplined Business". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Lynn, Regina (January 12, 2007). "The Real Adult Expo". Wired. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Abbott, Arnold P. (2009). From Aches to Ecstasy. Vantage Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-0-533-16117-1.
- ^ Roy, Jessica (November 8, 2012). "Regular Orgasms Are for Mortals; All the Cool Kids Are Having 'Longevity Orgasms'". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Lilley, Stephen (2012). Transhumanism and Society: The Social Debate over Human Enhancement. Springer. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-9400749801.
Further reading
[edit]Legal commentary
- Randazza, Marc (August 24, 2006). "Fucking Machines initial brief" (PDF). Amendment and Response to Office Action. Reply to February 22, 2006, Office Action: United States Patent and Trademark Office; Serial Number 78/680513. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- Randazza, Marc (June 4, 2007). "Fucking Machines appeal brief" (PDF). In re Application of: Cybernet Entertainment, LLC; Serial Number 78/680513; Filed: July 28, 2005; For: Fuckingmachines. Brief for Appellant; in the United States Patent and Trademark Office before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013. alternate link
- Randazza, Marc (June 8, 2007). "Kink.com Appeals USPTO Refusal to Register "Immoral and Scandalous" Trademarks". The Legal Satyricon. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- United States Patent and Trademark Office (July 24, 2007). "United States Patent and Trademark Office appeal response to Fucking Machines" (PDF). Exparte Appeal. ttabvue.uspto.gov. Retrieved May 24, 2013. alternate link; alternate link at Wikimedia Commons: File:2007 July 24 USPTO appeal response to Fucking Machines.pdf
- Randazza, Marc (February 7, 2009). "First Amendment Lawyers Association – Intellectual Property and Free Speech". The Legal Satyricon. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Scholarly analysis
- Grenzfurthner, Johannes; Thomas Ballhausen; Günther Friesinger; Daniel Fabry (2009). Do Androids Sleep With Electric Sheep?: Critical Perspectives on Sexuality and Pornography in Science and Social Fiction. Re/Search Publications. pp. 17, 21, 26, 108, 156. ISBN 978-1-889307-23-7.
- Schaschek, Sarah (2012). "Chapter 15: Fucking Machines: High-Tech Bodies in Pornography". In Ritzenhoff, Karen A.; Randell, Karen (eds.). Screening the Dark Side of Love: From Euro-Horror to American Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 211–225. ISBN 978-0-230-34154-8.
- Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. Kaffka. Oxford University Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
External links
[edit]
- Official website
- Fuckingmachines, case history at United States Patent and Trademark Office
