Fructoside
Fructosides are glycosides that contain fructose. They are abundant in living organisms, food, and the environment. This makes them a particular interest in pharmacology and food science. C1 of fructose may be bonded to any organic moiety, forming a fructoside. The configuration of the fructoside can be denoted as an α-fructosidase or β-fructosidase depending on whether the organic moiety is bonded below or above the plane of fructose, respectively. The naming of fructoside-related enzymes also follows this nomenclature.
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Fructosides are glycosides that contain fructose.[1] They are abundant in living organisms, food, and the environment. This makes them a particular interest in pharmacology and food science. C1 of fructose may be bonded to any organic moiety, forming a fructoside. The configuration of the fructoside can be denoted as an α-fructosidase or β-fructosidase depending on whether the organic moiety is bonded below or above the plane of fructose, respectively. The naming of fructoside-related enzymes also follows this nomenclature.
Formation and cleavage
[edit]The formation of fructosides is catalyzed through enzymes called fructosyltransferases.[2] These operate by transferring fructose to other organic moieties. This can be done repeatedly to make polymers or configure addition to diversify the molecule. Fructosyltransferases are most active in forming sucrose-derived fructosides and fructans.[2]
The breakdown of fructosides is catalyzed through enzymes called fructosidases.[1] A notable example is the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose, which is catalyzed through a fructosidase called invertase.[3] This is metabolically relevant since glucose and fructose are used as energy sources via glycolysis. Some fructosides are resistant to breakdown, such as fructans - a polymer of fructose with glucose at the end which serves as a dietary fiber and promotes probiotic growth.[4]
Research applications
[edit]
The formation of fructosides via fructosyltransferases can lead to drastic changes in the qualities of the target compound. Phlorizin, a naturally occurring glycoside that lowers blood sugar and thus has peaked medicinal interest,[5] is a target of interest. Phlorizin fructoside derivatives have a higher solubility than their phlorizin counterparts, increasing bioavailability. The role of fructosides in promoting microbiome health possibly can be used in tandem with phlorizin's blood-sugar reducing properties as well.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Blanco A, Blanco G (2017), "Enzymes", Medical Biochemistry, Elsevier, pp. 153–175, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00008-2, ISBN 978-0-12-803550-4
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ a b Márquez-López RE, Uc-Chuc MA, Loyola-Vargas VM, Santiago-García PA, López MG (2023-12-01). "Fructosyltransferases in plants: Structure, function and application: A review". Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 6 100343. doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100343. ISSN 2666-8939.
- ^ Wind J, Smeekens S, Hanson J (October 2010). "Sucrose: Metabolite and signaling molecule". Phytochemistry. 71 (14–15): 1610–1614. Bibcode:2010PChem..71.1610W. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.07.007. PMID 20696445.
- ^ Franco-Robles E, López MG (January 2015). Turrini A (ed.). "Implication of Fructans in Health: Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms". TheScientificWorldJournal. 2015 (1) 289267. doi:10.1155/2015/289267. ISSN 2356-6140. PMC 4417592. PMID 25961072.
- ^ a b Herrera-González A, Núñez-López G, Núñez-Dallos N, Amaya-Delgado L, Sandoval G, Remaud-Simeon M, et al. (June 2021). "Enzymatic synthesis of phlorizin fructosides". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 147 109783. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109783. PMID 33992405.
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