Extensible Resource Identifier

An Extensible Resource Identifier (XRI) is a scheme and resolution protocol for abstract identifiers compatible with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) and Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRI), developed by the XRI Technical Committee at OASIS (closed in 2015).^[1] The goal of XRI was a standard syntax and discovery format for abstract, structured identifiers that are domain-, location-, application-, and transport-independent, so they can be shared across any number of domains, directories, and interaction protocols.

The XRI 2.0 specifications were rejected by OASIS,^[2] a failure attributed^[3] to the intervention of the W3C Technical Architecture Group which recommended against using XRIs or taking the XRI specifications forward.^[4] The core of the dispute is whether the widely interoperable HTTP URIs are capable of fulfilling the role of abstract, structured identifiers, as the TAG believes,^[5] but whose limitations the XRI Technical Committee was formed specifically to address.^[6]

The designers of XRI believed that, due to the growth of XML, web services, and other ways of adapting the Web to automated, machine-to-machine communications, it was increasingly important to be able to identify a resource independent of any specific physical network path, location, or protocol in order to:

• Create structured identifiers with self-describing "tags" that can be understood across domains.
• Maintain a persistent link to the resource regardless of whether its network location changes.
• Delegate identifier management not just in the authority segment (the first segment following the "xxx://" scheme name) but anywhere in the identifier path.
• Map identifiers used to identify a resource in one domain to other synonyms used to identify the same resource in the same domain, or in other domains.

This work led, by early 2003, to the publication of a protocol based on HTTP(S) and simple XML documents called XRDS (Extensible Resource Descriptor Sequence).

URI- and IRI-compatibility

There is a specified way to express XRIs in the form of URIs

Cross-references

An XRI can contain another XRI (or a URI), to any level of nesting. This enables the construction of structured, "tagged" identifiers that enable identifier sharing across domains the same way XML enables data sharing across domains.

Global context symbols

These are single-character symbols (=, @, +, $, or !) that provide a simple, human-friendly way to indicate the global context of an i-name or i-number. These are not required, but may be used within communities of interest that agree on their meaning and how they are resolved.

Peer-to-peer addressing

XRI syntax supports the ability for any two network nodes to assign each other XRIs and perform cross-resolution. That is, a top-level namespace authority can be referred to by names assigned by other parties. This aids in federating namespaces between organizations or communities of interest.

Decentralization

XRIs can be rooted in either centralized addressing systems (e.g., IP addresses or DNS domain names) or private/decentralized root authorities and peer-to-peer addressing.

Delegation

Namespaces can be delegated to other namespace authorities.

Federation

Namespaces defined separately at any level can be joined together (in a hierarchical or polyarchical fashion) and made visible and resolvable.

Persistence

The ability to express the intent that parts (or all) of an XRI are permanent identifiers that will never be reassigned.

Human- and machine-friendly formats

XRI provides syntax both for identifiers that can be created and understood by humans easily (i-names), and those that are optimized for machine structuring/parsing (i-numbers).

Simple, extensible resolution

XRI offers a lightweight resolution scheme using HTTP and a simple XML document format called XRDS.

Trusted resolution

The XRI resolution protocol includes three modes of trusted version: a) HTTPS, b) SAML assertions, and c) both.

Multiple resolution options

XRI resolution can be independent of DNS.

Fully internationalizable

Leverage existing Unicode and IRI specifications.

Transport independent

XRIs are independent of specific transport protocols or mechanisms.

An XRI starting with "=" is thought of identifying a person. An XRI starting with "@" identifies a company or organization. A starting "+" indicates a generic concept, subject or topic.^[7]

A "*" marks a delegation. For example with =family*name, =family delegates the resolving of its sub-XRI name to another resolver. This is analogous to DNS' delegating the subdomain resolution to other nameservers (name.family.de: after resolving de, the nameserver responsible for de delegates to the family nameserver, which delegates to the name nameserver).

XRIs are resolved to XRDS documents using the HTTP(S) protocol in the same way as URLs are resolved to resource records using the DNS protocol. This lookup process can be configured by passing parameters.^[8]

An XRI can be transformed into a URI by adding "http://xri.net/" at the beginning and appending the XRI. Internally, the URI now refers to a proxy resolver, which resolves a URI of this kind to an XRDS document. The proxy resolver found under http://xri.net for example can be used to resolve an XRI. So =example becomes http://xri.net/=example. The second form is called an HTTP XRI or HXRI for short. The owner of the XRI =example can tell the proxy resolver what to do, if the HXRI is called. One possible reaction is to do a 302 HTTP redirect to a stored URI.

Further parameters to specify the resolution can be appended to the HXRI, e.g. to get the whole XRDS document or to get service descriptions for this XRI. E.g. if you attach ?_xrd_r=application/xrds+xml to the HXRI, the whole XRDS document is returned. So http://xri.net/=example?_xrd_r=application/xrds+xml returns the whole XRDS for the XRI =example.

Say a library system uses URNs in the ISBN namespace to identify books and DNS subdomains to identify its library branches. HTTP URI syntax does not provide a standard way to express the URN for the book title in the context of the DNS name for the library branch. XRI cross-reference syntax solves this problem by allowing the library (and even automated programs running at the library) to programmatically construct the XRIs necessary to address any book at any branch. Examples:

  xri://broadview.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)
  xri://shoreline.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)
  xri://northgate.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)

This ability to create structured, self-describing identifiers can be extended to many other uses. For example, say the library wanted to indicate the type of each book available. By establishing a simple XRI dictionary of book types, it can now programmatically construct XRIs that include this metadata,

  xri://broadview.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)/(+hardcover)
  xri://broadview.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)/(+softcover)
  xri://broadview.library.example.com/(urn:isbn:0-395-36341-1)/(+reference)

(Note that none of these show the prefix "xri://", which is optional in XRIs when they are not in URI normal form, i.e., they have not undergone the specified transformation between XRI format and URI format.)

Example XRIs composed entirely of reassignable segments:

=Mary.Jones
@Jones.and.Company
+phone.number
+phone.number/(+area.code)
=Mary.Jones/(+phone.number)
@Jones.and.Company/(+phone.number)
@Jones.and.Company/((+phone.number)/(+area.code))

Example XRIs composed entirely of persistent segments:

=!13cf.4da5.9371.a7c5
@!280d.3822.17bf.ca48!78d2/!12

Example of XRIs with mixes of persistent and reassignable segments (XRI allows any combination of the two):

=!13cf.4da5.9371.a7c5/(+phone.number)
@Jones.and.Company!78d2/!12/(+area.code)

Examples of applications being developed using XRI infrastructure include:

• OpenID 2.0 includes support for XRIs and uses XRDS for OpenID identifier discovery.
• The Higgins Project uses XRIs and XRDS to address and discover Higgins context providers.
• XDI.org I-name and I-number digital identity addressing services.
• The XDI data sharing protocol under development by the OASIS XDI Technical Committee.

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The XRI Technical Committee is chartered under the RF on Limited Terms Mode of the OASIS IPR policy (See http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xri/ipr.php for more details.)

Dr Phillip Hallam-Baker, the VeriSign representative in OASIS argued that the use of the technologies employed in XRI are subject to patent claims, that the licensing rights to these patents has been vested in XDI.org, a non-profit organization which had in turn licensed a non-exclusive interest in the use of the patents to companies associated with the original patent holders, despite the above IPR statement. Opposition from VeriSign and companies that had connections to Hallam-Baker was instrumental in ensuring the defeat of the proposal to adopt the specifications.

• I-names
• I-numbers
• XRDS
• XDI
• Extensible Name Service (XNS)
• Social Web
• Higgins project
• Project Xanadu

• OASIS XRI Technical Committee specifications:
  • XRI Syntax 2.0 Committee Specification
  • XRI Resolution 2.0 Committee Specification
  • XRI 2.0 FAQ
  • XRI Requirements and Glossary 1.0
• W3C Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI)
• XDI.org - public trust organization governing XRI global registry services
  • XDI.org Global Services Specifications - website of XDI.org specifications for global registry services for public i-names and i-numbers
  • XDI.org I-Services Specifications - website of XDI.org specifications for XRDS-enabled identity services.
• dev.xri.net - open public wiki on XRI and XRI open source projects
• Internet Identity Workshop One-Pager on XRI and XRDS
• FSF's Dispute with OASIS patent policies and on FSF's Support for OASIS RF on Limited Terms IPR Policy, which is used for ODF.
• EqualsDrummond - blog about XRI and Internet identifiers by Drummond Reed, co-chair of the OASIS XRI Technical Committee and Chief Architect at Cordance, currently under contract with XDI.org to operate XRI registry services.
• XRI applications and libraries - OpenXRI Project
• The first XRI resolver (2004)