Energy density Extended Reference Table

This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

Energy densities table
Storage type	Specific energy (MJ/kg)	Energy density (MJ/L)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter	89,875,517,874	depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion	576,000,000^[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope	144,000,000^[1]	1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor	86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor	3,456,000			35%
Pu-238 α-decay	2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer	1,326,000	17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor	443,000			35%
Ta-180m isomer	41,340	689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)	216^[2]
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate)	33.0
Beryllium + oxygen	23.9^[3]
Lithium + fluorine	23.75^{[citation needed]}
Octaazacubane potential explosive	22.9^[4]
Hydrogen + oxygen	13.4^[5]
Gasoline + oxygen	13.3^{[citation needed]}
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed^{[citation needed]}	9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive	8.5^[6]	16.9^{[citation needed]}
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed^{[citation needed]}	8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed^{[citation needed]}	8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)^{[citation needed]}	7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive	7^[7]
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed^{[citation needed]}	6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH₄NO₃ oxidizer)^{[citation needed]}	6.9	12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed^{[citation needed]}	6.6
Nitroglycerin	6.38^[8]	10.2^[9]
ANFO–ANNM^{[citation needed]}	6.26
Lithium–air battery	6.12
Octogen (HMX)	5.7^[8]	10.8^[10]
TNT^[11]	4.610	6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)^{[citation needed]}	4.13	20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe₂O₃ as oxidizer)	4.00	18.4
ANFO^{[citation needed]}	3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)	2.7	3.8
Li-ion nanowire battery	2.54	29		95%^{[clarification needed]}^[12]
Lithium thionyl chloride battery^[13]	2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C)^{[citation needed]}^{[clarification needed]}	1.968	0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator^{[clarification needed]}	1.9	30
Lithium–sulfur battery^[14]	1.80^[15]	1.26
Fluoride-ion battery ^{[citation needed]}	1.7	2.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell^[16]	1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.6	1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.4	2.5
Molten salt	1^{[citation needed]}			98%^[17]
Molecular spring (approximate)^{[citation needed]}	1
Lithium metal battery^[18]^[19]	0.83-1.01	1.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery	0.72^[20]^{[better source needed]}	1.23^{[citation needed]}		85%^[21]
Lithium-ion battery^[22]^[23]	0.46–0.72	0.83–3.6^[24]		95%^[25]
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature^[vague]	0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design^[18]^[22]	0.4-0.59	1.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery^[18]	0.47	1.8
Flywheel	0.36–0.5^[26]^[27]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density^{[clarification needed]}	0.4	3.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries^[28]	0.4	1.55
Liquid nitrogen	0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion	0.334	0.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)^[29]	0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars^[30]	0.250	0.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)^[22]	0.14	1.08		80%^[25]
^[22] \|\| 0.13 \|\| 0.331 \|\| \|\|
Lead–acid battery^[22]	0.14	0.36
Vanadium redox battery	0.09^{[citation needed]}	0.1188		7070-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery	0.18	0.252		80%–90%^[31]
Ultracapacitor	0.0199^[32]	0.050^{[citation needed]}
Supercapacitor	0.01^{[citation needed]}		80%–98.5%^[33]	39%–70%^[33]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage		0.008^[34]^{[bare URL]}		>95%
Capacitor	0.002^[35]
Neodymium magnet		0.003^[36]
Ferrite magnet		0.0003^[36]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring	0.0003^{[citation needed]}	0.0006
Storage type	Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)	Energy density by volume (MJ/L)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

^ ^a ^b Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-319-19845-3.
^ Silvera, Isaac F.; Cole, John W. (2010-03-01). "Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 215 (1) 012194. Bibcode:2010JPhCS.215a2194S. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194. ISSN 1742-6596.
^ Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.
^ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.
^ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Ju, Xue-Hai; Wang, Zun-Yao (April 2009). "Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 34 (2). Wiley: 106–109. doi:10.1002/prep.200800007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
^ Matsunaga, Takehiro; Nakayama, Yoshio; Iida, Mitsuaki; Oinuma, Senzo; Ishikawa, Noboru; Tanaka, Katsumi (May 1992). "Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 17 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1002/prep.19920170204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
^ ^a ^b "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ Nitroglycerin
^ HMX
^ Kinney, G. F.; Graham, K. J. (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.
^ "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". Stanford Report. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.
^ Kolosnitsyn, V. S.; Karaseva, E. V. (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.
^ "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ "Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Daily Herald. Utah. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5960185". Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 2. OSTI 5960185.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an energy density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh – Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ "Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
^ ^a ^b Lemire-Elmore, Justin (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7: Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
^ "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
^ "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ "ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
^ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ "V-Fuel Company and Technology Sheet 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ "Ultracapacitors – BCAP3000". Maxwell Technologies. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ ^a ^b Zdenek, Cerovský; Pavel, Mindl. "Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage" (PDF). Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ [1] Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ Juvonen, Matti (7 February 2003). "Supercapacitors: replacing batteries" (lecture notes). Department of Computing, Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ ^a ^b Rahman, M.; Slemon, G. (September 1985). "Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 21 (5): 1712–1716. Bibcode:1985ITM....21.1712R. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113. ISSN 0018-9464. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011.

[prelas-1] Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-319-19845-3.

[2] Silvera, Isaac F.; Cole, John W. (2010-03-01). "Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 215 (1) 012194. Bibcode:2010JPhCS.215a2194S. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194. ISSN 1742-6596.

[3] Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.

[4] Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.

[5] Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

[6] Ju, Xue-Hai; Wang, Zun-Yao (April 2009). "Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 34 (2). Wiley: 106–109. doi:10.1002/prep.200800007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[7] Matsunaga, Takehiro; Nakayama, Yoshio; Iida, Mitsuaki; Oinuma, Senzo; Ishikawa, Noboru; Tanaka, Katsumi (May 1992). "Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 17 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1002/prep.19920170204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[autogenerated1-8] "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[9] Nitroglycerin

[10] HMX

[11] Kinney, G. F.; Graham, K. J. (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.

[12] "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". Stanford Report. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[13] "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[14] "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.

[15] Kolosnitsyn, V. S.; Karaseva, E. V. (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.

[16] "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[17] "Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[duracell-Ag2O-18] "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[li-nr-props-19] "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[20] "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Daily Herald. Utah. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[21] Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5960185". Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 2. OSTI 5960185.

[aab-22] "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[BatteryspaceCom-23] A typically available lithium-ion cell with an energy density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh – Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[24] "Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.

[JLE-25] Lemire-Elmore, Justin (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7: Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26.

[Investire-26] "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[pddnet-27] "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.

[28] "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[29] "ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram

[30] High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine

[31] "V-Fuel Company and Technology Sheet 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[32] "Ultracapacitors – BCAP3000". Maxwell Technologies. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[autogenerated2004-33] Zdenek, Cerovský; Pavel, Mindl. "Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage" (PDF). Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[34] [1] Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

[35] Juvonen, Matti (7 February 2003). "Supercapacitors: replacing batteries" (lecture notes). Department of Computing, Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[askmar.com-36] Rahman, M.; Slemon, G. (September 1985). "Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 21 (5): 1712–1716. Bibcode:1985ITM....21.1712R. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113. ISSN 0018-9464. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]