Endomorphin-1
Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) (amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) is an endogenous opioid peptide and one of the two endomorphins. It is a high affinity, highly selective agonist of the μ-opioid receptor, and along with endomorphin-2 (EM-2), has been proposed to be the actual endogenous ligand of the μ-receptor. EM-1 produces analgesia in animals and is equipotent with morphine in this regard. The gene encoding for EM-1 has not yet been identified, and it has been suggested that endomorphins could be synthesized by an enzymatic, non-ribosomal mechanism. By combining N-terminal guadino modifications, a new class of endonmorphin-1 was synthesized, the range of their bioactivities were measured by radioligand binding assay in order to conclude its potency as an opioid. Endomorphin-1 has high affinity and specificity for opioid receptors for behavioral, physiological and pharmacological assays, it is also a potent analgesic agent which brings effects on cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal functions as well as in immune system responses. This endogenous opioid peptide can help with neuropathic pain without having the common side effects many neuropathic drugs caused which produces constipation. To make this drug side effect-free, a modification at the N-terminus by 2-aminodecainoic acid is made which in term showed an improve in the drug's metabolic stability along with improving its membrane permeability, while holding its high receptor binding affinity, helping the drug act as a potent agonist
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| IUPAC name
L-Tyrosyl-L-prolyl-L-tryptophyl-L-phenylalaninamide
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C34H38N6O5 | |
| Molar mass | 610.715 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) (amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) is an endogenous opioid peptide and one of the two endomorphins.[1] It is a high affinity, highly selective agonist of the μ-opioid receptor, and along with endomorphin-2 (EM-2), has been proposed to be the actual endogenous ligand of the μ-receptor.[1][2][3][4] EM-1 produces analgesia in animals and is equipotent with morphine in this regard.[3] The gene encoding for EM-1 has not yet been identified,[4] and it has been suggested that endomorphins could be synthesized by an enzymatic, non-ribosomal mechanism.[5]
By combining N-terminal guadino modifications, a new class of endonmorphin-1 was synthesized, the range of their bioactivities were measured by radioligand binding assay in order to conclude its potency as an opioid.[6] Endomorphin-1 has high affinity and specificity for opioid receptors for behavioral, physiological and pharmacological assays, it is also a potent analgesic agent which brings effects on cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal functions as well as in immune system responses.[citation needed] This endogenous opioid peptide can help with neuropathic pain without having the common side effects many neuropathic drugs caused which produces constipation. To make this drug side effect-free, a modification at the N-terminus by 2-aminodecainoic acid is made which in term showed an improve in the drug's metabolic stability along with improving its membrane permeability, while holding its high receptor binding affinity, helping the drug act as a potent agonist[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Bodnar RJ, Commons KG, Pfaff DW (3 April 2002). Central Neural States Relating Sex and Pain. JHU Press. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6827-6.
- ^ Krammer HJ, Singer MV (31 May 2000). Neurogastroenterology - From the Basics to the Clinics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-7923-8757-2.
- ^ a b Brain S, Moore PK (1999). Pain and Neurogenic Inflammation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-3-7643-5875-4.
- ^ a b Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 904–. ISBN 978-3-540-38916-3.
- ^ Terskiy A, Wannemacher KM, Yadav PN, Tsai M, Tian B, Howells RD (November 2007). "Search of the human proteome for endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 precursor proteins". Life Sciences. 81 (23–24): 1593–1601. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.025. PMC 2144908. PMID 17964607.
- ^ "BrowZine". browzine.com. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ Varamini P, Mansfeld FM, Blanchfield JT, Wyse BD, Smith MT, Toth I (2012-08-17). "Lipo-endomorphin-1 derivatives with systemic activity against neuropathic pain without producing constipation". PLOS ONE. 7 (8) e41909. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741909V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041909. PMC 3422351. PMID 22912681.