Dynasty
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A "house" is an imperial, royal or noble family, not always ruling. Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453), Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned. Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A "house" is an imperial, royal or noble family, not always ruling. Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453), Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.
Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.
Terminology
[edit]The word "dynasty" (from the Greek: δυναστεία, dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler")[2] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.[3]
The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",[4] which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".
Dynast
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A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.
In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.
The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is not a dynast of the House of Windsor.
Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.[5] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for succession to the British throne.[6] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.[5]
Dynastic marriage
[edit]
A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges.[7] For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg monarchy could be inherited by his daughter undivided (→ agnatic-cognatic primogeniture).[8] In 1736, Francis Stephen of Lorraine married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the sole heir of Emperor Charles VI. With the marriage of Maria Theresa, the only offspring of the House of Austria, she became together with her husband the founder of the new dynasty of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Since 1740 he was her co-regent in the Habsburg hereditary lands and from 1745 he was Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I, but was hardly involved in government affairs.[9] Francis was as Duke of Lorraine the last non-Habsburg monarch of the Holy Roman Empire. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, which ruled until 1918. Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.[10][11]
History
[edit]Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 BC – 1979 AD), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artefacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.[12]
Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world had traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law;, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.[citation needed]
Longevity
[edit]
Dynasties lasting at least 200 years include the following. Non-recognized oral history lineages and non-Western world historical texts that cannot be historically confirmed or that contradict Zionism are not included.
| Dynasty | Years Ruled | Corrected Length of Rule | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial House of Japan | c. 500 CE – present | ~1,500+ years | Continuous, mostly ceremonial since 12th century; pre-500 CE emperors semi-legendary, exact start uncertain.[13][14][a] |
| Wessex/England/Britain | c. 520 CE – present | ~1,500 years | Non-continuous; was deposed in 1066 but survived through marriages and cadet branches.[b] |
| Chera | c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE | ~1,300 years | Estimation; fragmented early records, gaps likely.[17][18] |
| Pandya | c. 300 BCE – 900 CE | ~1,200 years | Estimation; intermittent rule after 900 CE, gaps in continuity.[19][20] |
| Tonga | c. 950 CE – present | ~1,075 years | Estimation; title changed in 1865, constitutional now.[21][22] |
| Capetian | 987 CE – present | 1,038 years | Continuous through cadet branches (e.g., Bourbon); active in Spain.[23] |
| Bagrationi | 780 CE – 1801 CE | ~1,021 years | Georgian royal house; ended with Russian annexation.[24] |
| Guhila / Sisodia | 566 CE – 1537 CE | ~971 years | Mewar rajputs; ceremonial after 1537.[25][26] |
| Silla | 57 BCE – 935 CE | 992 years | Korean kingdom; estimation for early start.[27] |
| Adaside | c. 1700 BCE – 722 BCE | 978 years | Neo-Assyrian period; estimation.[28] |
| Eastern Ganga | 498 CE – 1434 CE | ~936 years | Odisha rulers; diminished after 1434.[29][30] |
| Baduspanids | 665 CE – 1598 CE | 933 years | Tabaristan rulers.[31] |
| Chola | c. 300 BCE – 200 CE, 848–1279 CE | ~929 years | Non-continuous; interregnum ~200–848 CE; early period semi-legendary.[32][33] |
| Zhou | 1046 BCE – 256 BCE | 790 years | Nominal rule in later Warring States period; traditional dates.[34] |
| Abbasid | 750–1258 CE, 1261–1517 CE | 764 years | Non-continuous; caliphal rule, ceremonial after 1258.[35] |
| Rurikid | 862 CE – 1598 CE | 736 years | Kievan Rus to Tsardom of Russia.[36] |
| Sayfawa | c. 1085 CE – 1846 CE | ~761 years | Kanem–Bornu Empire; estimation.[37] |
| Grimaldi | 1297 CE | 729 years | Reigning Princes of Monaco |
| Goguryeo | 37 BCE – 668 CE | 705 years | Korean kingdom; well-documented.[38] |
| Solomon | 1270 CE – 1975 CE | 705 years | Ethiopian emperors; restored in 1270.[39] |
| Bavand dynasty | 651 CE – 1349 CE | 698 years | Tabaristan rulers.[40] |
| Kachhwaha | 1128 CE – 1818 CE | 690 years | Jaipur rajputs; effective rule ended with British control.[41][42] |
| Bolkiah | c. 1360 CE – present | ~665 years | Brunei sultans; estimation for early start.[43] |
| Ottoman | 1299 CE – 1922 CE | 623 years | Sultans of Ottoman Empire.[44] |
| Vijaya | 543 BCE – 66 CE | 609 years | Sri Lankan kings; traditional dates.[45] |
| Ahom | 1228 CE – 1826 CE | 598 years | Assam kingdom.[46] |
| Oldenburg | 1448 CE – present | 577 years | Danish/Norwegian royals; active in Denmark.[47] |
| Rathore | 1243 CE – 1818 CE | 575 years | Marwar/Jodhpur rajputs; ended with British control.[48][49] |
| Bohkti | c. 1330 CE – 1855 CE | ~525 years | Kurdish principality; adjusted start date.[50] |
| Joseon and Korean Empire | 1392 CE – 1910 CE | 518 years | Korean rulers.[51] |
| Habsburg | 1278 CE – 1780 CE | 502 years | Line Agnatic: All are extinct (after death of Maria Theresa). |
| Shang | 1600 BCE – 1046 BCE | 496 years | Chinese royal rulers[52] |
| Goryeo | 918 CE – 1392 CE | 474 years | Korean kingdom.[53] |
| Arsacid | 247 BCE – 224 CE | 471 years | Parthian Empire.[54] |
| Nabhani | 1154 CE – 1624 CE | 470 years | Oman imams.[55] |
| Han and Shu Han | 202 BCE – 9 CE, 25–220 CE | 448 years | Non-continuous; Chinese emperors.[56] |
| Árpád | 858 CE – 1301 CE | 443 years | Hungarian kings.[57] |
| Mataram | 1586 CE – present | ~439 years | Indonesian sultans; estimation for continuity.[58] |
| Sassanian | 224 CE – 651 CE | 427 years | Persian Empire.[59] |
| Davidic | c. 1010 BCE – 586 BCE | ~424 years | Kingdom of Judah; traditional dates.[60] |
| Jafnid | 220 CE – 638 CE | 418 years | Arab kingdom.[61] |
| Piast | 960 CE – 1370 CE | 410 years | Polish dukes/kings.[62] |
| Argead | c. 700 BCE – 309 BCE | ~391 years | Macedonian kings; adjusted start.[63] |
| Copán | 426 CE – 810 CE | 384 years | Maya city-state.[64] |
| Siri Sanga Bo | 1220 CE – 1597 CE | 377 years | Kandy kingdom, Sri Lanka.[65] |
| Umayyad | 661–750 CE, 756–1031 CE | 364 years | Non-continuous; caliphs.[66] |
| Yuan and Northern Yuan | 1271 CE – 1635 CE | 364 years | Mongol China.[67] |
| Komnenos | 1057–1059 CE, 1081–1185 CE, 1204–1461 CE | 363 years | Byzantine emperors; non-continuous.[68] |
| Later Lê (Primitive and Revival Lê) | 1428–1527 CE, 1533–1789 CE | 355 years | Vietnamese emperors; non-continuous.[69] |
| Estridsen | 1047–1375 CE, 1387–1412 CE | 353 years | Danish kings; non-continuous.[70] |
| Aryacakravarti | 1277 CE – 1619 CE | 342 years | Jaffna kingdom.[71] |
| Lakhmid | c. 268 CE – 602 CE | ~334 years | Arab kingdom.[72] |
| Stuart | 1371–1651, 1660–1714 | 334 years | Scottish/British royals; non-continuous.[73] |
| Mughal | 1526 CE – 1857 CE | 331 years | Mughal Empire; cadet branch of Timurid dynasty.[74][75] |
| Plantagenet | 1154 CE – 1485 CE | 331 years | English kings.[76] |
| Jiménez | 905 CE – 1234 CE | 329 years | Navarre/Aragon.[77] |
| Bendahara | 1699 CE – present | ~326 years | Pahang/Malaysia sultans; estimation.[78] |
| Song | 960 CE – 1279 CE | 319 years | Chinese emperors.[79] |
| Romanov | 1613 CE – 1917 CE | 304 years | Russian tsars.[80] |
| Liao and Western Liao | 916 CE – 1218 CE | 302 years | Khitan rulers.[81] |
| Later Jin and Qing | 1616 CE – 1912 CE | 296 years | Manchu China.[82] |
| Ming and Southern Ming | 1368 CE – 1662 CE | 294 years | Chinese emperors.[83] |
| Babenberg | 962 CE – 1246 CE | 284 years | Austrian dukes.[84] |
| Ptolemaic | 305 BCE – 30 BCE | 275 years | Hellenistic Egypt.[85] |
| Tang | 618–690 CE, 705–907 CE | 274 years | Chinese emperors; non-continuous.[86] |
| Fatimid | 909 CE – 1171 CE | 262 years | Caliphs.[87] |
| Nasrid | 1230 CE – 1492 CE | 262 years | Granada emirate.[88] |
| Rajasa | 1222 CE -1478 CE | 256 years | Javanese rulers[89] |
| Thutmosid | c. 1550 BCE – c. 1295 BCE | ~255 years | Egyptian pharaohs.[90] |
| Dunkeld | 1034 CE – 1286 CE | 252 years | Scottish kings.[91] |
| Bubastite | c. 945 BCE – c. 715 BCE | ~230 years | Egyptian pharaohs.[90] |
| Achaemenid | 550 BCE – 330 BCE | 220 years | Persian Empire; adjusted start.[92][93] |
| Bernadotte | 1818 CE – present | 208 years | Swedish monarchs; Norwegian monarchs from 1818 – 1905[94] |
Extant sovereign dynasties
[edit]There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties.[c] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.
Political families
[edit]Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.
Hereditary dictatorship
[edit]
Hereditary dictatorships are characterized by the dictator keeping political power within their family due to personal choice.[95] The successor may be groomed during their lifetime, as was the case for Bashar al-Assad and his brother Bassel,[96] or a member of their family may manoeuvre to take control of the dictatorship after the dictator's death, similar to the case of Ramfis Trujillo[97] or Mojtaba Khamenei.
| Dynasty | Regime | Dynastic founder | Current leader | Year founded[ad] | Length of rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim family[98][99] |  North Korea
|
Kim Il Sung | Kim Jong Un | 1948 | 77 years, 217 days |
| Gnassingbé family[100] |  Togo
|
Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Faure Gnassingbé | 1967 | 59 years, 0 days |
| Bongo family[101][102] |  Gabon
|
Omar Bongo | Brice Oligui Nguema[ae] | 1967 | 58 years, 137 days |
| Nguema family[103][104] |  Equatorial Guinea
|
Francisco Macías Nguema | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | 1968 | 57 years, 184 days |
| Guelleh family[103] |  Djibouti
|
Hassan Gouled Aptidon | Ismaïl Omar Guelleh | 1977 | 48 years, 291 days |
| Hun family[105][106][107] |  Cambodia
|
Hun Sen | Hun Manet | 1985 | 41 years, 90 days |
| Khamenei family[108] |  Iran
|
Ali Khamenei | Mojtaba Khamenei | 1989 | 36 years, 314 days |
| Déby family[109] |  Chad
|
Idriss Déby | Mahamat Déby | 1991 | 35 years, 45 days |
| Aliyev family[110] |  Azerbaijan
|
Heydar Aliyev | Ilham Aliyev | 1993 | 32 years, 294 days |
| Berdimuhamedow family[111] |  Turkmenistan
|
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow | Serdar Berdimuhamedow | 2006 | 19 years, 114 days |
| Dynasty | Regime | Dynastic founder | Last leader | Year founded | Year ended | Length of rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| López family[112] |  Paraguay
|
Carlos Antonio López | Francisco Solano López | 1844 | 1870 | 25 years, 293 days |
| Chiang family[af] |  China
|
Chiang Kai-shek | Chiang Ching-kuo | 1928 | 1988 | 59 years, 95 days |
| Trujillo family |  Dominican Republic
|
Rafael Trujillo | Ramfis Trujillo | 1930 | 1961 | 31 years, 93 days |
| Somoza family[113] |  Nicaragua
|
Anastasio Somoza García | Anastasio Somoza Debayle | 1936 | 1979 | 43 years, 39 days |
| Duvalier family |  Haiti
|
François Duvalier | Jean-Claude Duvalier | 1957 | 1986 | 28 years, 108 days |
| Castro family |  Cuba
|
Fidel Castro | Raul Castro | 1959 | 2021 | 62 years, 62 days |
| Assad family[114][115] |  Syria
|
Hafez al-Assad | Bashar al-Assad | 1971 | 2024 | 53 years, 269 days |
| Kabila family |  DR Congo
|
Laurent-Désiré Kabila | Joseph Kabila | 1997 | 2019 | 21 years, 252 days |
Influential wealthy families
[edit]See also
[edit]| Part of a series on |
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- Cadet branch
- Commonwealth realm
- Conquest dynasty
- Dynastic cycle
- Dynastic order
- Dynastic union
- Elective monarchy
- Family seat
- Genealogy
- Heads of former ruling families
- Hereditary monarchy
- Iranian Intermezzo
- List of current constituent monarchs
- List of current monarchies
- List of current monarchs of sovereign states
- List of dynasties
- List of empires
- List of family trees
- List of kingdoms and royal dynasties
- List of largest empires
- List of monarchies
- List of noble houses
- Non-sovereign monarchy
- Royal family
- Royal household
- Royal intermarriage
- Self-proclaimed monarchy
- Political family
Notes
[edit]- ^ Emperor Jimmu is said to have founded the kingdom of Yamato in the year 660 BCE, but this is a much later tradition. In fact, the first Japanese written records date to the 8th century CE, over a thousand years later (see Kojiki and Nihon Shoki). The first attested emperor is Yūryaku, who lived c. 500 CE. He is attested in the Inariyama and Eta Funayama Swords, both made during reign of "the Great king Waka Takiru" (Wakatakeru). The first sword is dated to the "Year of the Metal Pig", which could mean 471 or 534.[15]
- ^ Cerdic of Wessex is ultimately the ancestor of all English and British monarchs, since Henry I's wife, Margaret, was a granddaughter of Edward the Exile (see Family tree of English monarchs).[16]
- ^ Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs include:
- ^ The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- ^ Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
- ^ The House of Windsor is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in AD 1917.
- ^ A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
- ^ George V was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before 1917.
- ^ Including:
- ^ The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
- ^ Including:
Anguilla
Bailiwick of Guernsey (Crown dependency)
Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown dependency)
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Gibraltar
Isle of Man (Crown dependency)
Montserrat
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands- Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Turks and Caicos Islands
British Virgin Islands
- ^ The House of Belgium is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Belgium" in AD 1920.
- ^ Albert I was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before AD 1920.
- ^ Claimed by the royal house, but the historicity is questionable.
- ^ The House of Norodom is a branch of the Varman dynasty.
- ^ The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
- ^ The Danish Realm consists of:
- ^ Including:
- ^ The Imperial House of Japan, or Kōshitsu (皇室), is the world's oldest continuous dynasty. The dynasty has produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
- ^ Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler. Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, while Emperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
- ^ The House of Hashim is descended from Banu Qatada, which was a branch of the House of Ali.
- ^ The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is descended from the House of Nassau-Weilburg, which is a branch of the House of Nassau and the House of Bourbon-Parma.
- ^ The Temenggong dynasty is the ruling dynasty of Johor and a cadet branch of the Bendahara dynasty. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- ^ The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
- ^ The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the House of Nassau. Additionally, Willem-Alexander is also linked to the House of Lippe through Beatrix of the Netherlands.
- ^ The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
- ^ The House of Bourbon-Anjou is a branch of the House of Bourbon.
- ^ The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
- ^ The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971.
- ^ Year authoritarian system began
- ^ maternal cousin of Ali Bongo
- ^ Chiang Kai-shek position was briefly occupied by Li Zongren between 1949 and 1950, his son, Chiang Ching-kuo served as his premier in 1972 until his death in 1975, Chiang Ching-kuo would later took the presidency of Yen Chia-kan after both finished serving their terms as President and Premier
Further reading
[edit]- James Loxton. 2026. "Why We Elect Former Dictators and Their Children." Journal of Democracy.
References
[edit]- ^ English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "dynasty". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "house, n.1 and int, 10. b." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
- ^ a b Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website Archived 5 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
- ^ "Monaco royal taken seriously ill". BBC News. London. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "The Dynastic Marriage". ieg-ego.eu (in German). Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
- ^ Martin Mutschlechner. "Franz Stephan as the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty". The World of the Habsburgs. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
- ^ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Maria Theresa as wife and mother". The World of the Habsburgs. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ Mitchell, A. Wess (2019). The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-691-19644-2.
- ^ Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy". Europe Since Napoleon. New York: Knopf. pp. 79–80.
The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power...The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige...Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government
- ^ Brown, Delmer M. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–145. ISBN 978-0521223522.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 10–20.
- ^ Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 19–23. ISBN 90-04-09081-9.
- ^ McCalman, Archibald Hamilton (1883). A Compact History of England from the Time of the Ancient Britons to the Reign of Queen Victoria (1880): With a Synopsis of England in the Nineteenth Century, Its Government, Institutions, Etc. R. Wrothington. p. 669.
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159.
- ^ Narayanan, M.G.S. (2013). Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur: CosmoBooks. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-8188765072.
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159.
- ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–140.
- ^ Campbell, I.C. (2001). Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Canterbury University Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0908812141.
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