DASB
DASB, also known as 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile, is a compound that binds to the serotonin transporter. Labeled with carbon-11 — a radioactive isotope — it has been used as a radioligand in neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) since around year 2000. In this context it is regarded as one of the superior radioligands for PET study of the serotonin transporter in the brain, since it has high selectivity for the serotonin transporter. The DASB image from a human PET scan shows high binding in the midbrain, thalamus and striatum, moderate binding in the medial temporal lobe and anterior cingulate, and low binding in neocortex. The cerebellum is often regarded as a region with no specific serotonin transporter binding and the brain region is used as a reference in some studies. Since the serotonin transporter is the target of SSRIs used in the treatment of major depression it has been natural to examine DASB binding in depressed patients. Several such research studies have been performed. There are a number of alternative PET radioligands for imaging the serotonin transporter: [11C]ADAM, [11C]MADAM, [11C]AFM, [11C]DAPA, [11C]McN5652, and [11C]-NS 4194. A related molecule to DASB, that can be labeled with fluorine-18, has also been suggested as a PET radioligand. With single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using the radioisotope iodine-123 there are further radioligands available: [123I]ODAM, [123I]IDAM, [123I]ADAM, and [123I]β-CIT. A few studies have examined the difference in binding between the radioligands in nonhuman primates, as well as in pigs. Other compounds that can be labeled to work as PET radioligands for the study of the serotonin system are, e.g., altanserin and WAY-100635.
DASB_formulas_skeletal.svg) DASB (above) and [C-11]DASB | |
DASB_molecule_spacefill.png) Radioactive carbon atom marked in cyan | |
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| Formula | C16H17N3S |
| Molar mass | 283.39 g·mol−1 |
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DASB, also known as 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile, is a compound that binds to the serotonin transporter. Labeled with carbon-11 — a radioactive isotope — it has been used as a radioligand in neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) since around year 2000.[1] In this context it is regarded as one of the superior radioligands for PET study of the serotonin transporter in the brain,[2] since it has high selectivity for the serotonin transporter.[3]
The DASB image from a human PET scan shows high binding in the midbrain, thalamus and striatum, moderate binding in the medial temporal lobe and anterior cingulate, and low binding in neocortex. The cerebellum is often regarded as a region with no specific serotonin transporter binding and the brain region is used as a reference in some studies.[4]
Since the serotonin transporter is the target of SSRIs used in the treatment of major depression it has been natural to examine DASB binding in depressed patients. Several such research studies have been performed.[5]
There are a number of alternative PET radioligands for imaging the serotonin transporter: [11C]ADAM, [11C]MADAM, [11C]AFM, [11C]DAPA, [11C]McN5652, and [11C]-NS 4194. A related molecule to DASB, that can be labeled with fluorine-18, has also been suggested as a PET radioligand.[6] With single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using the radioisotope iodine-123 there are further radioligands available: [123I]ODAM, [123I]IDAM, [123I]ADAM,[7] and [123I]β-CIT.[2] A few studies have examined the difference in binding between the radioligands in nonhuman primates,[8][9] as well as in pigs.[10]
Other compounds that can be labeled to work as PET radioligands for the study of the serotonin system are, e.g., altanserin and WAY-100635.
Methodological issues
[edit]The binding potential of DASB can be estimated with kinetic modeling on a series of brain scans.[11]
A test-retest reproducibility PET study indicates that [11C]DASB can be used to measure the serotonin transporter parameters with high reliability in receptor-rich brain regions.[4]
When the DASB neuroimages are analyzed the kinetic models suggested by Ichise and coworkers[12] can be employed to estimate the binding potential. A test-retest reproducibility experiment has been performed to evaluate this approach.[13]
Studies
[edit]Besides the studies listed below a few occupancy studies have been reported.[5]
| What | Result | Subjects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTTLPR LALA serotonin transporter genotype | Increase in putamen | 43/30 | [14] |
| 5-HTTLPR LALA serotonin transporter genotype | Increase in midbrain | 19 | [15] |
| 5-HTTLPR LALA serotonin transporter genotype | No difference | 63 | [16] |
| Age | No effect found | [17] ([2]) | |
| Body mass index | Inverse correlation (?) | ? | [18] |
| Seasonality | Higher in winter in putamen and caudate | 54 | [19] |
| Seasonality | Higher in fall and winter | 88 | [20] |
| NEO PI-R Neuroticism | Positive correlation in thalamus | 31 males | [21] |
| Disease | |||
| Depressed during major depressive episodes | No difference found | 20+20 | [17] |
| Depressed with highly negativistic "dysfunctional attitudes" during major depressive episodes | Increase in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, bilateral caudate, and bilateral putamen | 20(?)+20 | [17] |
| Recovered depressed patients | No difference found | 24+20 males | [22] |
| Unipolar depression | Increase in thalamus, insula and striatum | 18+34 | [23] |
| Unmedicated unipolar major depression | Reduced 5-HTT availability in the thalamus | [24] | |
| TCI anxiety in unmedicated unipolar major depression | Reduced 5-HTT availability in the thalamus, midbrain and amygdala | [24] | |
| Bipolar depression | Increase in thalamus, insula and striatum | 18+34 | [23] |
| Bipolar depression | Decrease in midbrain, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, putamen, and anterior cingulate cortex | 18+41 | [25] |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | Reduction and correlation with severity in thalamus and midbrain | 9+19 | [26] |
| Alcoholism | No significant alteration | 30 + 18 | [27] |
| Parkinson's disease | Reduction in forebrain | 5+8 | [28] |
| Non-depressed Parkinson's disease | Decreased binding in caudate, midbrain, putamen, orbitofrontal cortex and (non-significantly) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | [29] | |
| Depressed Parkinson's disease patients | Increase in prefrontal and dorsolateral cortices | 7+7 | [30] |
| Drug/intervention | |||
| Abstinent MDMA ('Ecstasy') users | Global reduction | 23+19 | [31] |
| Former MDMA users and polydrug users | No significant difference in brain regions examined | 12+9+19 | [32] |
| Reduced synaptic serotonin (by rapid tryptophan depletion) | (small reduction in binding potential) | 8 | [33] |
| Lowering of brain serotonin (by acute tryptophan depletion) | No change observed | 25 (14) | [34] |
References
[edit]- ^ Houle S, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer JH, Wilson AA (November 2000). "Imaging the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography: initial human studies with [11C]DAPP and [11C]DASB". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 27 (11): 1719–1722. doi:10.1007/s002590000365. PMID 11105830. S2CID 18932686.
- ^ a b c Brust P, Hesse S, Muller U, Szabo Z (February 2006). "Neuroimaging of the Serotonin Transporter — Possibilities and Pitfalls" (PDF). Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2 (1): 111–149. doi:10.2174/157340006775101508. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
- ^ Wilson AA, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer J, Houle S (July 2002). "In vitro and in vivo characterisation of [11C]-DASB: a probe for in vivo measurements of the serotonin transporter by positron emission tomography". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 29 (5): 509–515. doi:10.1016/S0969-8051(02)00316-5. PMID 12088720.
- ^ a b Frankle WG, Slifstein M, Gunn RN, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Darr EA, et al. (May 2006). "Estimation of serotonin transporter parameters with 11C-DASB in healthy humans: reproducibility and comparison of methods". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 47 (5): 815–826. PMID 16644752.
- ^ a b Meyer JH (March 2007). "Imaging the serotonin transporter during major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 32 (2): 86–102. PMC 1810585. PMID 17353938.
- ^ Garg S, Thopate SR, Minton RC, Black KW, Lynch AJ, Garg PK (September–October 2007). "3-Amino-4-(2-((4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)methylamino)methylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile, an F-18 fluorobenzyl analogue of DASB: synthesis, in vitro binding, and in vivo biodistribution studies". Bioconjugate Chemistry. 18 (5): 1612–1618. doi:10.1021/bc070112g. PMID 17705553.
- ^ Oya S, Choi SR, Hou C, Mu M, Kung MP, Acton PD, et al. (April 2000). "2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine (ADAM): an improved serotonin transporter ligand". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 27 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00084-6. PMID 10832081.
- ^ Szabo Z, McCann UD, Wilson AA, Scheffel U, Owonikoko T, Mathews WB, et al. (May 2002). "Comparison of (+)-(11)C-McN5652 and (11)C-DASB as serotonin transporter radioligands under various experimental conditions". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 43 (5): 678–692. PMC 2078607. PMID 11994534.
- ^ Huang Y, Hwang DR, Narendran R, Sudo Y, Chatterjee R, Bae SA, et al. (November 2002). "Comparative evaluation in nonhuman primates of five PET radiotracers for imaging the serotonin transporters: [11C]McN 5652, [11C]ADAM, [11C]DASB, [11C]DAPA, and [11C]AFM". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 22 (11): 1377–1398. doi:10.1097/00004647-200211000-00011. PMID 12439295.
- ^ Jensen SB, Smith DF, Bender D, Jakobsen S, Peters D, Nielsen EØ, et al. (September 2003). "[11C]-NS 4194 versus [11C]-DASB for PET imaging of serotonin transporters in living porcine brain". Synapse. 49 (3): 170–177. doi:10.1002/syn.10222. PMID 12774301. S2CID 35777731.
- ^ Ginovart N, Wilson AA, Meyer JH, Hussey D, Houle S (November 2001). "Positron emission tomography quantification of [(11)C]-DASB binding to the human serotonin transporter: modeling strategies". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 21 (11): 1342–1353. doi:10.1097/00004647-200111000-00010. PMID 11702049.
- ^ Ichise M, Liow JS, Lu JQ, Takano A, Model K, Toyama H, et al. (September 2003). "Linearized reference tissue parametric imaging methods: application to [11C]DASB positron emission tomography studies of the serotonin transporter in human brain". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 23 (9): 1096–1112. doi:10.1097/01.WCB.0000085441.37552.CA. PMID 12973026.
- ^ Kim JS, Ichise M, Sangare J, Innis RB (February 2006). "PET imaging of serotonin transporters with [11C]DASB: test-retest reproducibility using a multilinear reference tissue parametric imaging method". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 47 (2): 208–214. PMID 16455625.
- ^ Praschak-Rieder N, Kennedy J, Wilson AA, Hussey D, Boovariwala A, Willeit M, et al. (August 2007). "Novel 5-HTTLPR allele associates with higher serotonin transporter binding in putamen: a [(11)C] DASB positron emission tomography study". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (4): 327–331. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.022. PMID 17210141. S2CID 46096787.
- ^ Reimold M, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Zimmer A, Wrase J, Mann K, et al. (May 2007). "Midbrain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with [11C]DASB is affected by serotonin transporter genotype". Journal of Neural Transmission. 114 (5): 635–639. doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0609-0. PMID 17225932. S2CID 9369923.
- ^ Murthy NV, Selvaraj S, Cowen PJ, Bhagwagar Z, Riedel WJ, Peers P, et al. (August 2010). "Serotonin transporter polymorphisms (SLC6A4 insertion/deletion and rs25531) do not affect the availability of 5-HTT to [11C] DASB binding in the living human brain". NeuroImage. 52 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.032. PMID 20406689. S2CID 2690593.
- ^ a b c Meyer JH, Houle S, Sagrati S, Carella A, Hussey DF, Ginovart N, et al. (December 2004). "Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography: effects of major depressive episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes". Archives of General Psychiatry. 61 (12): 1271–1279. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.12.1271. PMID 15583118. S2CID 6769025.
- ^ Matsumoto R, Ito H, Takahashi H, Takano H, Suhara T (2008). "Inverse correlation between body mass index and serotonin transporter binding in human brain: A [11C]DASB PET study". NeuroImage. 2, supplement 2: T161. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.128. S2CID 53257175. Neuroreceptor Mapping 2008, The Seventh International Symposium on Functional Neuroreceptor Mapping of Living Brain
- ^ Kalbitzer J, Erritzoe D, Holst KK, Nielsen FA, Marner L, Lehel S, et al. (June 2010). "Seasonal changes in brain serotonin transporter binding in short serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region-allele carriers but not in long-allele homozygotes". Biological Psychiatry. 67 (11): 1033–1039. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.027. PMID 20110086. S2CID 22393782.
- ^ Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Wilson AA, Houle S, Meyer JH (September 2008). "Seasonal variation in human brain serotonin transporter binding". Archives of General Psychiatry. 65 (9): 1072–1078. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1072. PMID 18762593.
- ^ Takano A, Arakawa R, Hayashi M, Takahashi H, Ito H, Suhara T (September 2007). "Relationship between neuroticism personality trait and serotonin transporter binding". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (6): 588–592. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.007. PMID 17336939. S2CID 41664835.
- ^ Bhagwagar Z, Murthy N, Selvaraj S, Hinz R, Taylor M, Fancy S, et al. (December 2007). "5-HTT binding in recovered depressed patients and healthy volunteers: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]DASB". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (12): 1858–1865. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111933. PMID 18056241.
- ^ a b Cannon DM, Ichise M, Rollis D, Klaver JM, Gandhi SK, Charney DS, et al. (October 2007). "Elevated serotonin transporter binding in major depressive disorder assessed using positron emission tomography and [11C]DASB; comparison with bipolar disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (8): 870–877. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.016. PMID 17678634. S2CID 19689483.
- ^ a b Reimold M, Batra A, Knobel A, Smolka MN, Zimmer A, Mann K, et al. (June 2008). "Anxiety is associated with reduced central serotonin transporter availability in unmedicated patients with unipolar major depression: a [11C]DASB PET study". Molecular Psychiatry. 13 (6): 606–13, 557. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002149. PMID 18268503.. Electronic publication
- ^ Oquendo MA, Hastings RS, Huang YY, Simpson N, Ogden RT, Hu XZ, et al. (February 2007). "Brain serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with bipolar disorder using positron emission tomography". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (2): 201–208. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.201. PMC 3767993. PMID 17283287.
- ^ Reimold M, Smolka MN, Zimmer A, Batra A, Knobel A, Solbach C, et al. (December 2007). "Reduced availability of serotonin transporters in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlates with symptom severity - a [11C]DASB PET study". Journal of Neural Transmission. 114 (12): 1603–1609. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0785-6. PMID 17713719. S2CID 33872765.
- ^ Brown AK, George DT, Fujita M, Liow JS, Ichise M, Hibbeln J, et al. (January 2007). "PET [11C]DASB imaging of serotonin transporters in patients with alcoholism". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 31 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00261.x. PMID 17207098.
- ^ Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Bohnen NI, Wernette K, Kilbourn MA, Frey KA (March 2008). "Spared caudal brainstem SERT binding in early Parkinson's disease". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 28 (3): 441–444. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600599. PMID 18073772.
- ^ Guttman M, Boileau I, Warsh J, Saint-Cyr JA, Ginovart N, McCluskey T, et al. (May 2007). "Brain serotonin transporter binding in non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease". European Journal of Neurology. 14 (5): 523–528. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01727.x. PMID 17437611. S2CID 30077418.
- ^ Boileau I, Warsh JJ, Guttman M, Saint-Cyr JA, McCluskey T, Rusjan P, et al. (September 2008). "Elevated serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease: a preliminary PET study with [11C]DASB". Movement Disorders. 23 (12): 1776–1780. doi:10.1002/mds.22212. PMID 18661545. S2CID 33907854.
- ^ McCann UD, Szabo Z, Seckin E, Rosenblatt P, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, et al. (September 2005). "Quantitative PET studies of the serotonin transporter in MDMA users and controls using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (9): 1741–1750. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300736. PMC 2034411. PMID 15841106.
- ^ Selvaraj S, Hoshi R, Bhagwagar Z, Murthy NV, Hinz R, Cowen P, et al. (April 2009). "Brain serotonin transporter binding in former users of MDMA ('ecstasy')". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 194 (4): 355–359. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050344. PMID 19336788.
- ^ Talbot PS, Frankle WG, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Suckow RF, Slifstein M, et al. (March 2005). "Effects of reduced endogenous 5-HT on the in vivo binding of the serotonin transporter radioligand 11C-DASB in healthy humans". Synapse. 55 (3): 164–175. doi:10.1002/syn.20105. PMID 15605360. S2CID 16602728.
- ^ Praschak-Rieder N, Wilson AA, Hussey D, Carella A, Wei C, Ginovart N, et al. (November 2005). "Effects of tryptophan depletion on the serotonin transporter in healthy humans". Biological Psychiatry. 58 (10): 825–830. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.038. PMID 16026765. S2CID 19327582.