C10k problem
The C10k problem was the problem of optimizing computer networking stacks to handle a large number of clients at the same time. The name C10k is a numeronym for concurrently handling ten thousand connections. Handling many concurrent connections is a different problem from handling many requests per second: the latter requires high throughput (processing them quickly), while the former does not have to be fast, but requires efficient scheduling of connections to network sockets or other stateful endpoints. As of 2025, the problem has long since been solved, with the number of possible connections to a single computer being in the millions. The problem of socket server optimisation has been studied because a number of factors must be considered to allow a web server to support many clients. This can involve a combination of operating system constraints and web server software limitations. According to the scope of services to be made available and the capabilities of the operating system as well as hardware considerations such as multi-processing capabilities, a multi-threading model or a single threading model can be preferred. Concurrently with this aspect, which involves considerations regarding memory management (usually operating system related), strategies implied relate to the very diverse aspects of I/O management.
The C10k problem was the problem of optimizing computer networking stacks to handle a large number of clients at the same time.[1] The name C10k is a numeronym for concurrently handling ten thousand connections.[2] Handling many concurrent connections is a different problem from handling many requests per second: the latter requires high throughput (processing them quickly), while the former does not have to be fast, but requires efficient scheduling of connections to network sockets or other stateful endpoints. As of 2025, the problem has long since been solved, with the number of possible connections to a single computer being in the millions.
The problem of socket server optimisation has been studied because a number of factors must be considered to allow a web server to support many clients. This can involve a combination of operating system constraints and web server software limitations. According to the scope of services to be made available and the capabilities of the operating system as well as hardware considerations such as multi-processing capabilities, a multi-threading model or a single threading model can be preferred. Concurrently with this aspect, which involves considerations regarding memory management (usually operating system related), strategies implied relate to the very diverse aspects of I/O management.[2]
History
[edit]The term C10k was coined in 1999 by software engineer Dan Kegel,[3][4] citing the Simtel FTP host, cdrom.com, serving 10,000 clients at once over 1 gigabit per second Ethernet in that year.[1] The term has since been used for the general issue of large numbers of clients, with similar numeronyms for larger numbers of connections, most recently "C10M" in the 2010s to refer to 10 million concurrent connections.[5]
By the early 2010s millions of connections on a single commodity 1U rackmount server became possible. Examples include WhatsApp serving over 2 million connections (with 24 cores using Erlang on FreeBSD),[6][7] and MigratoryData serving 10–12 million connections (with 12 cores, using Java on Linux).[5][8]
Common applications of very high numbers of connections include general public servers that have to serve thousands or even millions of users at a time, such as file servers, FTP servers, proxy servers, web servers, and load balancers.[9][5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "The C10K problem". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22.
- ^ a b Liu, D.; Deters, R. (2009). "The Reverse C10K Problem for Server-Side Mashups". Service-Oriented Computing – ICSOC 2008 Workshops. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5472. p. 166. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01247-1_16. ISBN 978-3-642-01246-4.
- ^ Andrew Alexeev (2012). "§14. nginx; §14.1. Why Is High Concurrency Important?". In Amy Brown; Greg Wilson (eds.). The Architecture of Open Source Applications, Volume II: Structure, Scale and a Few More Fearless Hacks. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105571817.
Around ten years ago, Daniel Kegel, a prominent software engineer, … Kegel's C10K manifest … solving the C10K problem of 10,000 simultaneous connections, nginx …
- ^ Kegel, Dan (8 May 1999). "The C10K problem". Kegel com. Archived from the original on 8 May 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
And computers are big, too. You can buy a 500MHz machine with 1 gigabyte of RAM and six 100Mbit/sec Ethernet card for $3000 or so. Let's see - at 10000 clients, that's 50KHz, 100Kbytes, and 60Kbits/sec per client. It shouldn't take any more horsepower than that to take four kilobytes from the disk and send them to the network once a second for each of ten thousand clients. (That works out to $0.30 per client, by the way. Those $100/client licensing fees some operating systems charge are starting to look a little heavy!) So hardware is no longer the bottleneck.
- ^ a b c Mihai Rotaru (2015-05-20). "How MigratoryData solved the C10M problem: 10 Million Concurrent Connections on a Single Commodity Server". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
- ^ "1 million is so 2011". WhatsApp blog. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
This time we also wanted to share some more technical details with you about hardware, OS and software: hw.machine: amd64 hw.model: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X5675 @ 3.07GHz hw.ncpu: 24 hw.physmem: 103062118400 hw.usermem: 100556451840
- ^ Reed, Rick (30 March 2012). "Scaling to Millions of Simultaneous Connections" (PDF). Erlang Factory. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ Mihai Rotaru (2013-10-10). "Scaling to 12 Million Concurrent Connections: How MigratoryData Did It". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
- ^ Ponnuswamy Sadayappan; Manish Parashar; Ramamurthy Badrinath; Viktor K. Prasanna (2008). High Performance Computing - HiPC 2008. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-89893-1. Retrieved 2021-10-15.