Advanced Logic Research
Advanced Logic Research, Inc. (ALR), was an American computer company founded in 1984 in Irvine, California by Gene Lu. The company marketed IBM PC compatibles across that standard's evolution until 1997 when it was acquired by Gateway 2000. ALR had a reputation for beating its larger competitors to market with compatibles featuring cutting-edge technologies; for example, it delivered the first computer systems featuring Intel's Pentium processor in 1993. Despite its innovation, ALR struggled with brand recognition in the fiercely competitive market of low-end PCs in the mid-1990s. According to computer journalist and collector Michael Nadeau, "ALR's business strategy was to be the first to market with the latest and fastest possible PC-compatible designs", a strategy that "often succeeded".
 | |
 Irvine headquarters in 1986 | |
Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| Nasdaq: AALR | |
| Industry | Computers |
| Founded | 1984, in Irvine, California |
| Founder | Gene Lu |
| Defunct | June 19, 1997 |
| Fate | Acquired by Gateway, Inc. |
Key people | |
Number of employees | 459 (1995[1]) |
| Website | alr.com (archived) |
Advanced Logic Research, Inc. (ALR), was an American computer company founded in 1984 in Irvine, California by Gene Lu. The company marketed IBM PC compatibles across that standard's evolution until 1997 when it was acquired by Gateway 2000.
ALR had a reputation for beating its larger competitors to market with compatibles featuring cutting-edge technologies; for example, it delivered the first computer systems featuring Intel's Pentium processor in 1993. Despite its innovation, ALR struggled with brand recognition in the fiercely competitive market of low-end PCs in the mid-1990s. According to computer journalist and collector Michael Nadeau, "ALR's business strategy was to be the first to market with the latest and fastest possible PC-compatible designs", a strategy that "often succeeded".[2]
History
[edit]Foundation and early products (1984–1989)
[edit]
Gene Lu (born c. 1954) founded Advanced Logic Research in 1984. Lu had emigrated with his family from Taiwan to El Monte, California in 1963 and had worked for Computer Automation as a systems designer in the late 1970s.[3] Among the company's first products was an 8088-equipped motherboard for Tava Corporation's Megaplus computer.[4] In 1986, ALR announced the first i386-based personal computer, the Access 386, in July.[5] It would have marked the first time a major component to the IBM PC standard was upgraded by a company outside IBM; however, ALR was beaten to market by Compaq with the release of the Deskpro 386 in September.[6] Lu considered ALR's chief rival in the 1980s to be AST Research, another Irvine-based computer company also founded by ex–Computer Automation employees. In 1985, the Singapore-based holding company Wearnes Brothers Ltd. invested $500,000 in ALR and agreed to market the company's computers in Singapore and provide overseas manufacturing services in exchange for 40 percent of ownership.[7] This stake grew to 60 percent over the following years.[8]
ALR was one of the first companies to license the Micro Channel architecture from IBM in 1988.[8] The MicroFlex 7000, released in January 1989 and configured with a 25-MHz i386 and 16 MB of SIMM random-access memory, was billed as outpacing IBM's MCA-based IBM PS/2 Model 70 due to the inclusion of a proprietary cache prefetching system in its chipset.[9] The company's i386-based FlexCache 25386 earned the company a PC Magazine Award for Technical Excellence for desktop computers in 1988. Year-to-year sales from September 1988 totaled $40 million—one-tenth of AST's but up from $5 million in 1986—prompting Lu to negotiate to buy out the Wearnes Brothers' stake in the company.[8] The buyout was completed in December 1988 for an undisclosed sum.[10] ALR later ditched Micro Channel for the directly competing Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) in October 1989,[11] releasing the EISA-based PowerCache/4e later that year.[12]
1989 armed robbery attempt
[edit]The company was the victim of an attempted armed robbery of its Irvine headquarters in April 1989. Four masked intruders brandished an assault rifle and a .45 caliber handgun at a security guard's head and demanded entry into the building. Two sanitation workers ran to safety upstairs in a locked room and screamed, prompting the gunmen to flee. The guard was uninjured, and no property was stolen. This attempted robbery was part of a wave of robberies targeting technology firms for cutting-edge computer chips across the United States in 1989—five of which occurred in Orange County alone from November 1988 to April 1989.[13]
Success and IPO (1989–1992)
[edit]ALR performed well in 1989, posting revenue of $73.1 million in fiscal year 1989, double that of their 1988 revenue. The company also posted between $12 and $13 million for the first two months of Q1 1989, compared to Q1 1988's total revenue of $13 million. Lu expressed interest in launching ALR's IPO in the next year.[14] A crowded computer marketplace and ALR's lack of brand recognition put this IPO into question among investment bank analysts and industry journalists; Walter Winnitzki wrote that "anyone who wants to succeed will need both advanced products and a differentiated distribution approach".[11] Its IPO nevertheless commenced on March 6, 1990, with 2.65 million shares sold through PaineWebber.[15]
ALR was ranked the 25th and 26th largest personal computer manufacturer globally in 1991 and 1992, respectively, according to Electronics magazine—ahead of Unisys' presence in the market but behind Zeos International.[16] Additionally, Fortune listed Advanced Logic Research as the 40th-fastest-growing company in the United States in 1992.[17] Most of ALR's computers were manufactured locally in Orange County, but ALR's contract with its Singaporean manufacturers bartered under its ownership by Wearnes Brothers continued into the early 1990s to keep the price of some of its computers down.[18]
In April 1991, ALR released the Business VEISA 486/20SX, which was the first computer system ever to ship with an i486SX processor from Intel on its motherboard from the factory.[19]
Downturn and purchase (1992–1997)
[edit]Following strong growth in 1990 and 1991, the company posted its first quarterly loss in Q4 1992, following a fierce competition in the low-end computer market and the then-ongoing recession in the United States leading to relatively high unemployment in California.[20] Its stock price reached a then-all-time low of $4 per share in late September 1992, and the company laid off about 100 of its roughly 670 employees in October 1992, along with imposing a company-wide progressive salary cut for employees with salaries above $50,000—including Lu.[21] ALR struggled through 1993, posting quarterly losses in all four fiscal quarters, before returning to profitability in Q1 1994.[22]
In early July 1993, ALR became the first company to ship a computer system with a Pentium processor when they announced the first shipments of their Evolution V family of high-performance computers.[23] The flagship Evolution V was intended as a workstation and included a Pentium P5 clocked at 60 or 66 MHz, six ISA expansion slots, three VESA Local Bus (VLB) slots, 8 MB of RAM (expandable to 128 MB), and an optional 170 MB hard drive. The Evolution V-Q was intended as a file server and included 13 full-sized drive bays, 1 GB of memory, ten EISA expansion slots, three VLB slots, and a 1.2 GB SCSI hard drive standard.[24]
In March 1994, the company was awarded a patent for a microprocessor upgrade path that piggybacked off an existing processor while disabling it—a technology that ALR claimed was copied by Intel and several other PC manufacturers. ALR's stock rose from $1 per share to $7.125 following the announcement.[25] Its shares fell to $5.125 in July of that year; however, due to customers waiting for Intel's P54C redesign to the Pentium processor to be released that summer. ALR anticipated another Q3 loss.[26]
The company released the Optima SLR, the first sub-$1000 PC with a Pentium, in July 1995. Clocked at 75 MHz, the system was bare-bones and included no monitor, hard drive, or peripherals, but it came configured with 8 MB of RAM and contained four PCI card slots—two used for a graphics card and multi-I/O card—and one ISA card slot. The Optima SLR was ALR's attempt to recapture the low-end computer market the company had lost. However, InfoWorld opined that the move was reasonable for resellers who would boost their profit margins by including cheap peripherals.[27]
In April 1996, ALR released the Revolution Quad6, the first computer system to ship with a Pentium Pro processor. It came in either single-processor or SMP configurations, supporting up to four Pentium Pro processors clocked at either 166 or 200 MHz.[28]
Advanced Logic Research was purchased by Gateway 2000 in June 1997 in a stock swap valuated at $194 million. According to Money, the acquisition afforded Gateway ALR's "high-end client/server and high-performance desktop innovations".[29] The company was to continue operating as a subsidiary of Gateway, with Lu remaining president while simultaneously rising to the vice presidency of Gateway 2000.[29]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Lawrence & Nee 1995, p. 399.
- ^ Nadeau 2002, p. 10.
- ^ Olmos 1988, p. 7; Olmos 1989.
- ^ Rosch 1985, p. 91.
- ^ Chabal & Ranney 1986, pp. 1, 8.
- ^ Warner 1986, p. 1.
- ^ Valeriano 1991, p. B2; Takahashi 1991, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Olmos 1988, p. 7.
- ^ Brownstein 1988, p. 21.
- ^ Staff writer 1988, p. 6.
- ^ a b Parker 1990, p. 144.
- ^ Rebello 1989a, p. 1B.
- ^ Staff writer 1989, p. F2.
- ^ Rebello 1989b, p. 2B.
- ^ Staff writer 1990, p. D17.
- ^ McLeod 1993, p. 10.
- ^ Elliott 1992, p. 1.
- ^ Takahashi 1991, p. 1.
- ^ Lavin 1991, p. 33.
- ^ Staff writer 1992.
- ^ Elliott 1992, p. 1; Staff writer 1992.
- ^ Staff writer 1994a, p. B6.
- ^ Rohrbough 1993; Staff writer 1993, p. 1; Woolley 1994, p. 1.
- ^ Rohrbough 1993.
- ^ Clark 1994, p. B6.
- ^ Staff writer 1994b, p. B6.
- ^ Quinlan 1995, p. 40.
- ^ Damore 1996, p. 65.
- ^ a b Afzali 1997.
References
[edit]- Afzali, Cyrus (June 19, 1997). "Gateway buys ALR". Money. Time Warner. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019.
- Brownstein, Mark (December 19, 1988). "ALR Readies 25-MHz Micro Channel PC". InfoWorld. 10 (51). CW Communications: 21 – via Google Books.
- Chabal, Priscilla M.; Ranney, Elizabeth (July 14, 1986). "First Micro to Employ 80386 Chip Due in Fall". InfoWorld. 8 (28). CW Communications: 1, 8. Retrieved October 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
- Clark, Don (March 24, 1994). "Advanced Logic Receives Patent on PC Upgrade". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B6. ProQuest 398504192.
- Damore, Kelley (July 8, 1996). "Revolution Quad6: Two-month lead over other vendors". Computer Reseller News. CMP Publications. p. 65. ProQuest 227489880.
- Elliott, Helene (September 29, 1992). "Mis-Fortune". Los Angeles Times: 1. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022.
- Hagemann, Lawrence; Eric Nee, eds. (1995). Hoover's Guide to Computer Companies. The Reference Press. ISBN 1878753797 – via the Internet Archive.
- Lavin, Paul (April 24, 1991). "World's first 486SX". PC User (157). EMAP Media: 33 – via Gale.
- McLeod, Jonah (July 12, 1993). "PC industry undergoes metamorphoses". Electronics. 66 (13). McGraw-Hill: 10 – via Gale OneFile.
- Nadeau, Michael (2002). Collectible Microcomputers. Schiffer Book for Collectors (Illustrated ed.). Schiffer Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 9780764316005 – via Google Books.
- Olmos, David (November 23, 1988). "Advanced Logic Research Expects Big Impact from Magazine Award". Los Angeles Times: 7.
- Olmos, David (September 25, 1989). "Gene Lu: PC Successes Adding Up Fast". Los Angeles Times: 8.
- Parker, John (March 5, 1990). "ALR hopes technical record will fuel stock offering". PC Week. 7 (9). Ziff-Davis: 144 – via Gale OneFile.
- Quinlan, Tom (July 24, 1995). "ALR breaks $1,000 price barrier for Pentium". InfoWorld. 17 (30). IDG Publications: 40 – via Google Books.
- Rebello, Kathy (October 10, 1989). "IBM rival hits market with new PC". USA Today. Gannett Company: 1B. ProQuest 306265424.
- Rebello, Kathy (December 6, 1989). "PC bright spots: NeXT, rugged models". USA Today. Gannett Company: 2B. ProQuest 306291842.
- Rohrbough, Linda (July 8, 1993). "ALR Shipping First Pentium PCs Starting Under $2,500". Newsbytes. The Washington Post Company: NEW07080026 – via Gale.
- Rosch, W. L. (September 10, 1985). "Tava's Megaplus and Sprite Machines: PC Lookalikes Are Good Buys as 2nd Computers". PC Week. 2 (36). Ziff-Davis: 91 – via Gale OneFile.
- Staff writer (February 17, 1988). "Science/Technology". Los Angeles Times: 6. ProQuest 292704303.
- Staff writer (April 27, 1989). "New breed of bandit hits high-tech frontier to snatch prized chips". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network: F2. ProQuest 251472553.
- Staff writer (March 6, 1990). "Finance Briefs". The New York Times: D17.
- Staff writer (October 13, 1992). "Low-cost personal computer maker Advanced Logic Research Inc. said Tuesday it will cut about 100 jobs" – via UPI.
- Staff writer (October 19, 1993). "Pentium PCs to hit US stores". South China Morning Post: 1. ProQuest 1524591176.
- Staff writer (January 24, 1994). "Advanced Logic Research Inc.: Computer Concern Returned to Profitabilty for Quarter". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B6. ProQuest 398382160.
- Staff writer (July 1, 1994). "Advanced Logic Research Inc.: Loss for Fiscal Third Quarter Is Expected on Sales Decline". Dow Jones & Company: B6. ProQuest 398530711.
- Takahashi, Dean (February 8, 1991). "Many of Region's High-Tech Plants May Close, Move". Los Angeles Times: 1.
- Valeriano, Lourdes L. (January 7, 1991). "Other Asians Follow Japanese as Investors in U.S. Firms". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B2. ProQuest 398195110.
- Warner, Edward (September 15, 1986). "Compaq Introduces 386 PC, Challenges IBM to Match It". InfoWorld. 8 (37). CW Communications: 1, 8. Retrieved October 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
- Woolley, Scott (May 30, 1994). "As Pentium edge wanes, ALR rolls out new products". Orange County Business Journal. 17 (22). American City Business Journals: 1. ProQuest 211139258.
External links
[edit]- Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived February 8, 1997)
- Advanced Logic Research at Michael Nadeau's Classic Tech
Formerly Gateway 2000; acquired by Acer in 2007 | ||
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