Access to Knowledge movement

The Access to Knowledge (A2K) movement is a loose collection of civil society groups, governments, and individuals converging on the idea that access to knowledge should be linked to fundamental principles of justice, freedom, and economic development.

A2K emerged in the early 2000s as a global response to growing concerns that restrictive intellectual property laws and digital monopolies were limiting public access to information, education, and cultural resources.^[1] The movement emphasizes that knowledge is a shared social good that should be available to all people, regardless of geography or economic status.^[2]

The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities from 2003 is a major declaration reflecting the goals of the movement pertaining to academic publishing.

In October 2004, the Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization emerged from a call from Brazil and Argentina for a development agenda for the World Intellectual Property Organization and was supported by hundreds of organizations.^[3] Supporters included the Free Software Foundation, with a statement Towards a "World Intellectual Wealth Organization": Supporting the Geneva Declaration.^[4]

One of the proposals of the declaration was to a "call for a Treaty on Access to Knowledge and Technology. The Standing Committee on Patents and the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights should solicit views from member countries and the public on elements of such a treaty".^[5]

A shared discussion platform on A2K issues is the mailing list of that name, which was initiated around discussion of the Geneva declaration.^[6] A draft "A2K treaty" was later produced.^[7] The proposed treaty is intended to ease the transfer of knowledge to developing nations, and to secure the viability of open innovation systems all over the world.^[8]

The draft A2K Treaty was intended partly to alleviate knowledge gap issues in the Global South, promote the transfer of knowledge and technology, and support open models of innovation.^[9]

The process of drafting the treaty involved workshops and consultations, including a May 2005 "Consultation on Proposed Treaty" meeting in London organized by consumer, library, and knowledge-rights group.^[9] While the treaty was never formally adopted, it has served as a focal point for coalition-building and strategic framing within the A2K movement.

Through the 2010s and into the present, the A2K movement's history has become intertwined with, though not identical to, related efforts in open access, open data, digital rights, open educational resources, and free culture.

Access to knowledge and science is protected by Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The article balances the right of access with a right to protection of moral and material interests:

Article 27

Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

A2K academics argue that "material interests" are not simply equivalent to current intellectual property provisions, not least because these rights are saleable and transferable, and therefore not "inalienable". The right to access is ultimately the more important part of the right. Current levels of IP protection seem out of balance with Article 27, according to A2K theorists:

... in a very real sense, rights delayed are rights denied. Had access to oral rehydration therapy and second-generation vaccine technologies been delayed for twenty years ... three million children would have died. Even for less life-and-death technologies, a twenty-year delay works an immense limitation on enjoyment of the right. For cultural works, the situation is even worse; protection lasts longer than a human lifetime.^[10]

CP Tech (now Knowledge Ecology International) say: "the A2K (Access to Knowledge) movement takes concerns with copyright law and other regulations that affect knowledge and places them within an understandable social need and policy platform: access to knowledge goods."^[11]

Many different groups refer to the A2K movement. Consumers International is particularly prominent, running a dedicated domain,^[12] and defines the movement as:

the umbrella term for a movement that aims to create more equitable public access to the products of human culture and learning. The ultimate objective of the movement is to create a world in which educational and cultural works are accessible to all, and in which consumers and creators alike participate in a vibrant ecosystem of innovation and creativity.

These goals are of interest to a broad coalition of consumer groups, NGOs, activists, Internet users and others. For many of them, coming to grips with the issues involved in the A2K movement can be daunting. These issues, including copyright and patent law reform, open content licensing, and communications rights, often involve legal and technological concepts that even specialists find difficult.

• Access2Research
• Academic journal publishing reform
• Free culture movement
• Information privilege
• Open access
• Open knowledge
• Right to education
• Timeline of the open access movement

• Draft Text of the A2K Treaty
• New, William. "Experts Debate Access to Knowledge", IP Watch, Feb. 15, 2005. Accessed April 23, 2007.
• "Convergence of movements to fight IPRs on information", Seedling, 2005. Accessed April 23, 2007.
• The A2K term is also used in academic discourse and literature. Bloomsbury Academic have produced a series on issues in Brazil,^[1] Egypt^[2] and India;^[3] while UCT Press have published an overview of the issues in Africa.^[4]
• An academic overview of the issues can be found in 'Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property', published in 2010.^[5]

• Consumer Project on Technology's A2K resources
• Consumers International's A2Knetwork.org
• Yale Information Society Project A2K Program

• A2K Brazil
• A2K Derechos Digitales (Chile) (Spanish)
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina's A2K Portal (English/Arabic)
• Access to knowledge in Egypt